Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights
The Court, based in Strasbourg, was set up as a result of the European Convention on Human Rights, created in 1950. This set out a catalogue of civil and political rights and freedoms. It allows people to lodge complaints against States which have signed up to the Convention for alleged violations of those rights. Although founded in 1950, the Court did not actually come into existence until 1959. It gained its present form as a single European Court of Human Rights when Protocol No. 11 to the ECHR took effect in 1998.
The Court is currently made up of 47 judges, one in principle for every State signed up to the Convention. They are elected by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and serve for six years. Judges sit on the Court as individuals and do not represent their country. Website: www.echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=home
The Court is currently made up of 47 judges, one in principle for every State signed up to the Convention. They are elected by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and serve for six years. Judges sit on the Court as individuals and do not represent their country. Website: www.echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=home
- Afghanistan 28
- Albania 9
- Algeria 29
- Angola 3
- Armenia 13
- Austria 43
- Azerbaijan 19
- Bangladesh 4
- Belarus 9
- Belgium 35
- Bhutan 1
- Bosnia and Herzegovina 23
- Brazil 2
- Bulgaria 26
- Burundi 3
- Cameroon 3
- Canada 1
- Cape Verde 1
- Chad 1
- Chile 4
- China 3
- Colombia 1
- Congo, Democratic Republic of the 14
- Congo, Republic of the 1
- Croatia 29
- Cyprus 19
- Czech Republic 9
- Côte d'Ivoire 2
- Denmark 16
- Djibouti 2
- Dominican Republic 2
- Ecuador 1
- Egypt 7
- Eritrea 11
- Estonia 4
- Ethiopia 9
- Finland 10
- France 94
- Gambia 1
- Georgia 16
- Germany 25
- Ghana 6
- Greece 70
- Guinea 4
- Guyana 1
- Hungary 14
- India 4
- Indonesia 2
- Iran, Islamic Republic of 45
- Iraq 37
- Ireland 10
- Israel 3
- Italy 56
- Jamaica 2
- Jordan 5
- Kazakhstan 6
- Kenya 1
- Kuwait 3
- Kyrgyzstan 12
- Latvia 18
- Lebanon 7
- Libya 8
- Lithuania 5
- Malawi 1
- Malta 8
- Mauritania 3
- Moldova, Republic of 13
- Montenegro 6
- Morocco 20
- Nepal 1
- Netherlands 71
- Netherlands Antilles 2
- New Zealand 1
- Nigeria 18
- Norway 8
- Pakistan 6
- Palestine, State of 8
- Peru 2
- Poland 12
- Portugal 4
- Romania 28
- Russian Federation 180
- Rwanda 1
- Saint Kitts and Nevis 1
- Serbia 22
- Sierra Leone 4
- Slovakia 10
- Slovenia 5
- Somalia 29
- Spain 12
- Sri Lanka 19
- Sudan 7
- Suriname 1
- Sweden 69
- Switzerland 29
- Syrian Arab Republic 19
- Tajikistan 8
- Tanzania, United Republic of 2
- The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 8
- Togo 6
- Tunisia 32
- Turkey 180
- Turkmenistan 6
- Uganda 5
- Ukraine 20
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 114
- United States of America 5
- Uzbekistan 36
- Yemen 1
- Zambia 1
- Abduction 19
- Access to procedures 21
- Acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations 1
- Acts of persecution 1
- Administrative courts 4
- Adoption 2
- Age discrimination 1
- Airports 3
- Alevis 1
- Aliens 1
- Anti-terrorism law 7
- Appeal / Right to appeal 10
- Arbitrary arrest and detention 65
- Armed forces / Military 11
- Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements 48
- Armenian 1
- Asylum-seekers 20
- Azeri 1
- Bail 1
- Belarusians 2
- Blood feuds 1
- Border controls 1
- Burden of proof 3
- Burden-sharing and international co-operation 3
- Changes of circumstances in home country 1
- Chechen 42
- Children's rights 16
- Children-at-risk 9
- Chinese 1
- Christian 10
- Citizenship / Nationality law 11
- Civil and political rights 12
- Civil war 1
- Climate change (including environmental migrants) 2
- Combatants / Former combatants 6
- Communal conflict / Social conflict 1
- Complementary forms of protection 5
- Conflict situation 3
- Contemporary forms of slavery 2
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 1
- Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 2
- Copts 1
- Country of origin information (COI) 35
- Credibility assessment 11
- Crime prevention 5
- Criminal justice 126
- Darfuri 1
- Death penalty 7
- Decision on admissibility 87
- Denial of nationality 10
- Denial of refugee status 2
- Deportation / Forcible return 158
- Derivative status 1
- Diplomatic assurances 17
- Disappeared persons 30
- Discrimination based on race, nationality, ethnicity 28
- Domestic violence 5
- Drug trafficking 3
- EU Qualification Directive 2
- Economic, social and cultural rights 3
- Effective protection 2
- Effective remedy 148
- Election law 1
- Elections 7
- Equal opportunities 2
- Equality before the law 2
- Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) 24
- Exclusion clauses 2
- Exhaustion of domestic remedies 21
- Expedited procedures 1
- Expulsion 114
- Extradition 72
- Extrajudicial executions 9
- False documents 1
- Falun Gong 1
- Family law 3
- Family reunification 33
- Female genital mutilation (FGM) 5
- Flight by land, air or sea 2
- Forced labour 3
- Forced marriage 5
- Forced sterilization / Abortion 1
- Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment 322
- Freedom of assembly and association 19
- Freedom of conscience 16
- Freedom of expression 32
- Freedom of information 2
- Freedom of movement 8
- Freedom of religion 25
- Freedom of speech 8
- Gender discrimination 6
- Gender-based persecution 2
- Generalized violence 1
- Genocide 1
- Grounds for persecution 1
- HIV and AIDS 16
- Habeas corpus 10
- Habitual residence 3
- Hare Krishna 1
- Hazara 1
- Hindu 1
- Honour killings 3
- Housing, land and property rights (HLP) 30
- Human rights activists 5
- Human rights and fundamental freedoms 19
- Human rights courts 7
- Human rights law 6
- Human rights monitors 2
- Humanitarian protection (including tolerated stay) 1
- Illegal entry 11
- Illegal immigrants / Undocumented migrants 5
- Illegitimate children 1
- Immigration Detention 120
- Immigration law 16
- Independence of judiciary 4
- Ingush 2
- Internal armed conflict 6
- Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) 18
- Internally displaced persons (IDPs) 6
- International armed conflict 3
- International criminal law 1
- International humanitarian law (IHL) / Geneva Conventions 2
- International protection 2
- Involuntary repatriation 1
- Jehovah's Witness 11
- Jew 2
- Jurisdiction 7
- Kosovar 2
- Kurd 11
- Laws relating to religion 1
- Legal representation / Legal aid 16
- Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) 28
- Mandate status 1
- Manifestly unfounded / Clearly abusive claims 1
- Mental health 19
- Mentally disadvantaged persons 1
- Mercenaries 1
- Migrants 2
- Military courts 3
- Military law 1
- Military operations 2
- Military service / Conscientious objection / Desertion / Draft evasion / Forced conscription 20
- Minorities 3
- Minority rights 3
- Multiple nationality 2
- Muslim 5
- National security / Public order 12
- Naturalization 7
- Nepalis 1
- Non-refoulement 23
- Non-self-governing territories 3
- Non-state agents of persecution 3
- Opposition 9
- Palestinian 4
- Passports 5
- Persecution based on class/wealth/occupation 2
- Persecution based on political opinion 46
- Persecution of family members 8
- Persecution on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity 4
- Persons with disabilities 6
- Physical harm 4
- Police 10
- Political asylum 2
- Political groups 7
- Political parties 15
- Political situation 4
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 6
- Pre-entry procedures 1
- Pre-trial detention 38
- Prevention of discrimination 6
- Prison or detention conditions 89
- Proof of nationality 6
- Property restitution 4
- Prosecution vs persecution 9
- Prostitution / Commercial sex work 1
- Protestant 1
- Protests / Demonstrations / Riots / Civil unrest 1
- Public health 26
- Racial / Ethnic persecution 7
- Racism / Xenophobia / Hate Crimes 1
- Re-entry 1
- Reception 7
- Refoulement 14
- Refugee / Asylum law 4
- Refugee status determination (RSD) / Asylum procedures 6
- Refugees 22
- Regional instruments 31
- Registration 8
- Rejected asylum-seekers 29
- Rejection at border 2
- Religious discrimination 15
- Religious persecution (including forced conversion) 15
- Rescue at sea / Interception at sea 1
- Residence permits / Residency 41
- Return conditions 2
- Returnees 1
- Right to a nationality 1
- Right to education 11
- Right to employment 4
- Right to family life 192
- Right to health 10
- Right to justice 46
- Right to liberty and security 131
- Right to life 83
- Rights of non-citizens 24
- Roma 25
- Romanians 2
- Rule of law / Due process / Procedural fairness 39
- SGBV 9
- Sabean Mandean 2
- Safe country of origin 1
- Safe third country 15
- Saharawis 1
- Security forces 6
- Security situation 9
- Sexual and reproductive rights 11
- Sharia law 2
- Sikh 1
- Single heads of household 1
- Single procedure 6
- Smuggling of persons 1
- Social group discrimination 4
- Social group persecution 4
- Standard of proof 1
- State protection 6
- Statelessness 37
- Sunni 2
- Sur place persecution 1
- Survivors of trafficking / Persons at risk of trafficking 3
- Suspensive effect 13
- Tajik 1
- Tamil 9
- Temporary admission 2
- Temporary protection 1
- Terrorism 61
- Threats / Intimidation 4
- Torture 9
- Trafficking in persons 10
- Transit 1
- Transitional justice (including amnesty laws) 1
- Travel documents 5
- Treaties / Agreements / Charters / Protocols / Conventions / Declarations 5
- Turkmen 1
- Tutsis 1
- UNHCR mandate 1
- Uighur 2
- Unaccompanied / Separated children 6
- Unification Church 1
- Unlawful departure 2
- Uzbek 11
- Visas 11
- Voluntary repatriation 1
- War crimes 4
- Well-founded fear of persecution 4
- Withdrawal of nationality 5
- Witnesses 6
- Women's rights 3
- Women-at-risk 6
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