Egypt: The status, location and any other relevant details for: Ayman al-Zawahiri, Adel Abdel-Majid Abdel Bary, Tharwat Salah Shihatah, Hani al-Sibai, Muntaser al-Zayat, Ahmed Khoder, Mahmoud Shaker, Mohamed Mahjoub (a.k.a. Ibrahim), Khaled Islambouli, Adil al-Sayyid Abd-al-Quddus, Saleh Gamal, Mustafa Krier (or Abdul Salam), an individual who is known only as Ayman and Hassan Farahat

The table below indicates whether the names listed in the first column appear on the Canadian list of "Terrorist Entities" (Canada 11 Dec. 2002), on the United States' Federal Bureau of Investigation's "List of Most Wanted Terrorists" (US n.d.) or on "Egypt's Most Wanted" list (Egypt 24 Oct. 2001). An "N/A" has been inserted where the name does not appear on the specified list.

Information concerning the status, location and other relevant details for the individuals listed above, where available is provided below.

Ayman al-Zawahiri

Ayman al-Zawahiri, who was born on 19 June 1951 in Egypt, is a physician and has knowledge of two languages: French and Arabic (US n.d.a). According to Egyptian intelligence, at one time al-Zawahiri held a Dutch passport in the name of "Sami Mahmoud," French and Swiss passports in the name of "Amin Othman" and an Egyptian passport in his actual name (Gunarantna May 2002, 131). United Press International (UPI) has stated that al-Zawahiri has a number of aliases including: "Abu Muhammad, Abu Fatima, Muhammad Ibrahim, Abu Abdallah, Abu al-Mu'iz, the Doctor and the Teacher (19 Sept. 2001).

Al-Zawahiri is the founder of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad (US n.d.a; The Evening Standard 14 Oct. 2002; Toronto Star 15 Dec. 2002; Gunaratna May 2002, 25), and has been identified by some news reports as Osama bin Laden's "deputy" (The Independent 30 Oct. 2002; Toronto Star 15 Dec. 2002), "lieutenant" (The Evening Standard 14 Oct. 2002), and most frequently, bin Laden's "second-in-command" (Contra Cost Times 13 Oct. 2002; The Daily Telegraph 11 Oct. 2002; The Herald 29 Aug. 2002).

Al-Zawahiri left Egypt in 1985, and met Osama bin Laden for the first time in Peshawar, Pakistan in 1986 (Gunaratna May 2002, p. 25). However, according to Egyptian officials, he left Egypt in 1984 for Saudi Arabia, and then moved to Pakistan "where he set up an Al-Jihad office in Peshawar" (Egypt 24 Oct. 2001). Egyptian officials indicate that he met Osama bin Laden for the first time in 1989 (ibid.).

It was believed that al-Zawahiri had died in the American air strikes against the Taliban in Afghanistan in late 2001, but, according to several reports, audiotape recordings that surfaced in October 2002, offer evidence that he had survived (The Evening Standard 14 Oct. 2002; Contra Costa Times 13 Oct. 2002; The Daily Telegraph 11 Oct. 2002).

In August 2002, The Herald published an article on Saif al-Adel, who is "an Egyptian radical on the FBI's post-September 11 most-wanted list" and Mahfouz Ould Walid, who is a commander thought to have been killed in a bombing raid in January (29 Aug. 2002). The article reports that according to the Egyptian secret service, which it identifies as "one of the most experienced in the region and a long-time opponent of Islamic fundamentalist groups ... al-Adel and Walid have picked up the reins of command because bin Laden and his second-in-command, Ayman Zawahiri, are in hiding in Pakistan and [are] unable to communicate freely with their followers" (29 Aug. 2002).

According to information posted on the Egypt State Information Service (ESIS), al-Zawahiri was sentenced to death in Egypt in 1999 in relation to a case called "Returnees from Albania" (Egypt 24 Oct. 2001).

For additional information on al-Zawahiri, please refer to the attached articles from Jane's Intelligence Review entitled "Ayman al-Zawahiri: Attention Turns to the Other Prime Suspect" and "The Egyptians Around Bin Laden."

Adel Abdel-Majid Abdel Bary (or Adel Muhammad Abdul Almagid Abdul Bary or Adel Abdel-Bari)

Adel Abdel-Majid Abdel Bary was born on 24 June 1960 (Gunaratna May 2002, 116-117) and is a lawyer by training (AFP 19 Dec. 2001).

In 1991, on his way back to Egypt from the United States, Bary remained in London, where he applied for political asylum (ibid.). He was eventually granted asylum (ibid. 27 Sept. 2001) in 1993 (Egypt 24 Oct. 2001).

Bary has been linked to the Egyptian al-Jihad (AFP 19 Dec. 2001; ibid. 27 Sept. 2001; The Daily Telegraph 18 Dec. 2001), and while in London, he and another member of this group staffed al-Qaeda's Advice and Reformation Committee (ARC) (Gunaratna May 2002, 116-117). An article published in The Daily Telegraph also stated that Bary worked for the ARC (18 Dec. 2001).

According to ESIS, Bary was "head of the media committee of Al-Jihad and of Al-Jihad's office in the United Kingdom" (Egypt 24 Oct. 2001).

In 1995, Bary was sentenced to death in absentia by a military tribunal in Egypt for his involvement in planning to kill American and Israeli tourists in Cairo, Egypt (ibid. 27 Sept. 2001).

In 1998, he was arrested in Britain, where as at December 2001, he continued to be in custody (The Daily Telegraph 18 Dec. 2001) while fighting extradition to the United States (ibid. 30 Nov. 2002; The Sun 18 Dec. 2002) for his involvement in the bombings of the US embassies in Nairobi and in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (The Daily Telegraph 30 Nov. 2002; ibid. 18 Dec. 2001; PA 23 Oct. 2001).

Prior to his arrest, Bary had been residing in Willesden (The Observer20 Jan. 2002), which is located in West London (The Daily Telegraph 18 Dec. 2001).

In 1999, he was sentenced to life imprisonment in Egypt for belonging to the Egyptian al-Jihad (AFP 27 Sept. 2001).

Tharwat Salah Shihatah (or Shehata or Shahatah)

Tharwat Salah Shihatah is a lawyer (AFP 25 Sept. 2001) and the "deputy leader" of Al-Jihad (Al-Sharq al-Awsat 7 July 2002), who, according to the Egyptian authorities, "runs Jihad's financial network" (AFP 25 Sept. 2001).

In 1999, the London-based Arabic newspaper, Al-Bayan, reported that according to the "confessions" of Islamic Jihad Organization members who had returned from Albania to Egypt, the organization had "established its own intelligence apparatus under the command of Tharwat Salah Shihatah, the lawyer who fled to London" (11 Feb. 1999).

According to Al-Hayat, a "pan-Arab daily," Shihatah is a "member of the Shura Council in charge of Jihad's security committee [and] has succeeded Zawahiri as the supreme leader of Jihad" (The Daily Yomiuri 11 Mar. 2000).

The ESIS states that Shihatah is "a key figure in Bin Laden's organisation and is running its civilian branch" (Egypt 24 Oct. 2001).

Shihatah faces two death sentences in Egypt (ibid.) for his "alleged role" in the assassination of Egypt's former prime minister (The Daily Telegraph 28 Sept. 2001).

According to Egyptian authorities, Shihatah was in Yemen from 1992 to 1994, in Sudan between 1994 and 1995, and finally, in 1995, he went to Afghanistan (AFP 25 Sept. 2001), where as at March 2000, it was believed that he was staying (ibid.; The Daily Yomiuri 11 Mar. 2000).

Hani al-Sibai

Born in Egypt in 1958 (Intelligence Newsletter 2 Mar. 2000), Hani al-Sibai is a lawyer (Sunday Times 11 Nov. 2001; The Bulletin's Frontrunner 27 Feb. 2002) and a "self-described Islamic historian" (ibid.) who works for the Al-Maqrizi Center for Historical Studies in London (InfoProd 26 Sept. 2002). One news report however, refers to him as an "Egyptian Islamist militant" (AFP 27 Apr. 2002).

The New York Times refers to al-Sibai as "a member of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad group that has allied itself with Mr. bin Laden's world front against Christians and Jews" (14 Dec. 2001). Al-Sibai however, denies any link with Islamic Jihad, and according to the Sunday Times, "has split with Al-Zawahiri, at least since 1999" (11 Nov. 2001).

Al-Sibai was convicted of terrorism in Cairo, Egypt in absentia, and was given political asylum in Britain (The New York Times 14 Dec. 2001; Intelligence Newsletter 2 Mar. 2000).

Reportedly, al-Sibai lives with his wife and five children in Hammersmith, west London (ibid.; Sunday Times 11 Nov. 2001) and,

... claims ideological leadership of a new pan-Arab fundamentalist movement that rises above the traditional split between Jamaa and Jihad. His aim is to convert society at large to Islam before toppling incumbent governments (Intelligence Newsletter 2 Mar. 2000).

Muntaser al-Zayat (or Muntasir al-Zayyat or Montaser Zayat)

Muntaser al-Zayat is the "principal lawyer" for Jama'at (Middle East International 26 Feb. 1999), the former lawyer for Ayman al-Zawahiri (Gunaratna May 2002, 26) and the former spokesman for Gamaa Islamiya, an "Egyptian terrorist group" (Wall Street Journal 11 Sept. 2002; Deutsche Presse-Agentur 20 June 2000; UPI 8 Sept. 2002) that has reportedly renounced violence and is attempting to become an "entirely political" movement (ibid.). According to Deutsche Presse-Agentur, al-Zayat was jailed several times in the past for acting as a spokesman for Gamaa Islamiya (20 June 2000).

In addition to being his lawyer, Al-Zayat was also al-Zawahiri's close friend (Torstar News Service 21 May 2002; The Christian Science Monitor 30 July 2002), on whom he recently wrote a biography (The Washington Post 12 May 2002). In his book, al-Zayat identified al-Zawahiri "as being an Islamic leader both out of touch with Egyptian Islamists and misguided in violently attacking the US" (The Christian Science Monitor 30 July 2002).

Al-Zayat continues to reside in Cairo, where he has his legal practice (ibid.; Al-Jazeera TV 20 Jan. 2003; The Washington Post 12 May 2002).

Ahmed Khoder

Information on Ahmed Khoder could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response. However, the Research Directorate was able to find one news article pertaining to an Ahmed al-Khadir, who is a Canadian of Egyptian origin that is wanted for "bombing the Egyptian embassy in Islamabad in 1995" (Time International 6 May 2002).

According to Time International, Egyptian authorities had attempted to capture al-Khadir in Peshawar by surrounding a safe house where he was hiding (ibid.). However, before they could enter the house to capture him, a car with diplomatic plates carrying Taliban officials pulled up to the house and took al-Khadir to Afghanistan, beyond the reach of the Egyptian authorities (ibid.). Further information on al-Khadir could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.

Ahmad Sa'id al-Kadr is named on Canada's List of Names Subject to the Regulations Establishing a List of Entities Made Under Subsection 83.05(1) of the Criminal Code or the United Nations Suppression of Terrorism Regulations (Canada 1 Oct. 2002) and on "Egypt's Most Wanted" list (Egypt 24 Oct. 2001).

Mahmoud Shaker

In the Federal Court of Canada decision in the case of The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration and The Solicitor General of Canada v. Mohamed Zeki Mahjoub, it was stated that Mahjoub had admitted in an affidavit that he had used the alias "Mahmoud Shaker" while he lived in Sudan, allegedly between August 1991 and December 1995 (Canada 2001).

No other information on Mahmoud Shaker could be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate. For further information on Mohamed Zeki Mahjoub, please see below.

Mohamed Mahjoub (or Mohamed Zeki Mahjoub or Mahgoub)

Mohamed Mahjoub is a 53-year-old Egyptian man, who arrived in Canada in 1995 and was granted refugee status (Toronto Star 24 Oct. 2001). Mahjoub then reportedly left Canada in 1998 (ibid.).

The Toronto Star also reported that Mahjoub was "[a]rrested in Azerbaijan ... deported to Egypt and convicted by a military tribunal for having been a military trainer in bin Laden's camps," although the article does not state when this arrest and conviction took place, or when Mahjoub returned to Canada (ibid.). However, in 2001, Mahjoub was arrested in Scarborough (ibid.) He had "repeatedly lied to Canadian government officials about contacts he had with two men tied to Osama bin Laden's Al Qaeda organization" (ibid.). Mahjoub eventually admitted to knowing one of these men, and admitted in a sworn affidavit that he had worked for Osama bin Laden on a farm in Sudan, where he was "put in charge of 4,000 employees" (ibid.). Mahjoub's "immediate superior" on this farm was the other man with links to al-Qaeda (ibid.).

Information posted on the ESIS Website indicates that Mahjoub faces 15 years in jail "in connection with a 1999 case. He is a member of the special missions committee of the Vanguards of Conquest ... He is said to have trained militants abroad and sent them to Egypt to wage terror attacks" (Egypt 24 Oct. 2001).

Khaled Islambouli (or Khalad)

Khaled Islambouli is an army lieutenant (Newsday 16 Oct. 2001) and the assassin of Egypt's president Anwar El Sadat (Mideast Mirror 7 June 2002; ibid. 25 July 2000; Gunaratna May 2002, p. 24; The Deseret News 14 May 2002; Newsday16 Oct. 2001).

No further information on Khaled Islambouli could be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.

Adil al-Sayyid Abd-al-Quddus (or Adel Assayed Abdul Kudus)

Adil al-Sayyid Abd-al-Quddus was born in Egypt in 1959 and joined the Egyptian Jihad organization in 1979 (Intelligence Newsletter 13 May 1999). In 1993 Quddus was sentenced to death in Egypt in absentia for his attempts to assassinate former Egyptian prime minister Dr. Atif Sidqi (Al-Hayat 20 Feb. 1999; Egypt 24 Oct. 2001; Al-Sharq al-Awsat 7 Feb. 2000). In April 1999, he was sentenced to death in Egypt in absentia again, but this time for attempting to revive the Jihad organization (ibid.).

Quddus is "in charge" of the Jihad organization's families committee and is a Shura Council member (ibid.).

Quddus is currently living in Austria, where he has been granted political asylum (Al-Majallah 30 June 2002). Egyptian security services however, believe that Quddus is in charge of the al-Jihad base in Austria (Egypt 24 Oct. 2001; Al-Sharq al-Awsat 7 Feb. 2000), although according to the London-based Arabic language newspaper, Al-Majallah, Quddus "is one of the members, who have recently moved away from Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri, and ... has chosen to remain neutral" (2 Dec. 2001).

For additional information on Adil al-Sayyid Abd-al-Quddus, please refer to the attached news articles entitled "Adel Assayed Abdul Kudus (Egypt)" and "Government Reportedly Demands Extradition of Islamist from Austria."

Saleh Gamal

Information on Saleh Gamal could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate. However, the Research Directorate was able to locate two news reports which indicate that "Saleh" is an alias name used by Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah (The Herald 30 Nov. 2002; The Economic Times 31 Oct. 2002).

Abdullah is a 29-year-old (The Herald 30 Nov. 2002) from Egypt and is reportedly al-Qaeda's financial officer (The Economic Times 31 Oct. 2002). It is believed that Abdullah is connected with the 1998 bombing of the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania (US n.d.b).

Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah is named on the US FBI's list of "Most Wanted Terrorists" (n.d.) and on Canada's List of Names Subject to the Regulations Establishing a List of Entities Made Under Subsection 83.05(1) of the Criminal Code or the United Nations Suppression of Terrorism Regulations (Canada 1 Oct. 2002). However, his name does not appear on "Egypt's Most Wanted" list (Egypt 24 Oct. 2001).

No further information on Saleh Gamal or Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah could be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.

Mustafa Krier or Abdul Salam

Information on Mustafa Krier could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.

The Research Directorate was able to locate one news report that makes reference to Abdel Salam, a 37-year-old who was detained by the US Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) in New Jersey after his apartment had been raided by law enforcement officials (The New York Times 17 Sept. 2001). According to the INS, he was detained for having "an expired visa" (ibid.). No other information on this individual could be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.

The Gulf News made reference to Abdul Salam Mohammed in a January 2000 article, stating that Mohammed was a "Bengali leader" who helped form the International Islamic Front in Khartoum (15 Jan. 2000). No other information on this individual could be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.

Intelligence Newsletter made reference to Abdul Salam Faraj by identifying him as "the brains behind the Jihad movement [Egyptian al-Jihad]" (22 April 1999). No other information on this individual could be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.

In October 2002, the Associated Press reported that Abdul-Salam Abdul-Rahman, a Yemeni businessman, was arrested at the Cairo airport on 20 September 2002 upon his arrival "because of his contacts with Islamic militants" (30 Oct. 2002). Meanwhile, Egyptian officials had denied holding the man (ibid.). No other information on this individual could be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.

In another news article, the Associated Press made reference to Jamal Abdel Salam, who it identified as "a Hamas political leader in Jenin" (20 Apr. 2002). No other information on this individual could be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.

There are numerous news articles that make reference to Mullah Abdul Salam Zaeef (or Abdol Salam Zayif), who was Afghanistan's ambassador to Pakistan (AFP 18 Nov. 2001; The Advertiser 19 Nov. 2001; Evening News 9 Oct. 2001; San Jose Mercury News 9 Oct. 2001; USA Today 5 Oct. 2001; Chattanooga Times 3 Oct. 2001; Western Daily Press 27 Sept. 2001; Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran 19 Feb. 2001; AP 9 Jan 2002).

In a January 2002 article, The Associated Press stated that Mullah Abdul Salam Zaeef had been "arrested by Pakistan and turned over to the United States" (ibid.). No other information on this individual could be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.

Abdul Salam Mohammed, Abdul-Salam Abdul-Rahman and Jamel Abdel Salam are not listed on the US FBI's list of "Most Wanted Terrorists" (n.d.), Canada's List of Names Subject to the Regulations Establishing a List of Entities Made Under Subsection 83.05(1) of the Criminal Code or the United Nations Suppression of Terrorism Regulations (Canada 1 Oct. 2002), or on "Egypt's Most Wanted" list (Egypt 24 Oct. 2001). Mullah Abdul Salam Zaeef is only named on Canada's list (11 Dec. 2002), and not on the FBI's list (n.d.) or Egypt's list (24 Oct. 2001). Other names with slight variations of those cited above have been included on these lists, including: Salah Mohammed on Canada's list (11 Dec. 2002), Abdul Rahman Yasin on the FBI's list (n.d.) and Murgan Mustafa Salim on Egypt's list (24 Oct. 2001).

Ayman

The Research Directorate has located two newspaper reports that refer to an Egyptian man in Yemen who, according to one report, is believed to be a "top Al Qaeda" official (The Christian Science Monitor 5 Feb. 2002) and according to the other report has assisted Muhammad Hamdi Sadiq al-Ahdal, who is "considered [to be] one of the most prominent of the dangerous leading elements in the Al-Qa'idah organization and has been active in the Al-Jihad al-Islami organization" (Sanaa 21 Nov. 2002).

According to The Christian Science Monitor, the Egyptian man was only known as "Ayman" (5 Feb. 2002), while according to Sanaa, the man was referred to as "Ayman al-Misri," which means "Ayman the Egyptian" (21 Nov. 2002).

Hassan Farahat

Information on Hassan Farahat could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.

For additional information on al-Qaeda and individuals associated with this organization, please refer to the attached articles from Jane's Intelligence Review entitled "The Egyptians Around Bin Laden," "Convictions Mark First Step in Breaking Up Al-Qaeda Network" and "Investigators Seek to Break Up Al-Qaeda's Financial Structure."

This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Please find below the list of additional sources consulted in researching this Information Request.

References

The Advertiser. 19 November 2001. Ian Gallagher. "War on Terror the Net Tightens; Coming Ready or Not; Hunt for Osama bin Laden Narrowed to 130sqkm of Mountains and Caves." (NEXIS)

Agence France Presse (AFP). 27 April 2002. "Al-Qaeda threatens New Attacks Against US: Press." (NEXIS)

_____. 19 December 2001. "Egyptians Held in Britain are Al-Qaeda Men: Egyptian Police." (NEXIS)

_____. 18 November 2001. "Al-Qaeda Military Commander Mohammad Atef: bin Laden's 'Right Arm'." (NEXIS)

_____. 27 September 2001. "Britain Reviews Shelter for Terrorists Convicted in Egypt, Elsewhere." (NEXIS)

_____. 25 September 2001. Lachlan Carmichael. "Five Egyptian Islamic Militants Appear on Bush's Wanted List." (NEXIS)

Al-Bayan [Dubai, in Arabic]. 11 February 1999. "Egypt: Albanian Returnees Reveal Information on 'Meticulous' Operation." (BBC Worldwide Monitoring 13 Feb. 1999/NEXIS)

Al-Hayat [London, Arabic]. 20 February 1999. "Government Reportedly Demands Extradition of Islamist from Austria." (BBC Summary 22 Feb. 1999/NEXIS)

Al-Jazeera TV [Doha, in Arabic]. 20 January 2003. "Egyptian Islamist Lawyer Comments on Recent Arrests." (BBC Worldwide Monitoring 21 Jan. 2003/ NEXIS)

Al-Majallah [London, in Arabic]. 30 June 2002. Farraj Isma'il and Usamah Abd-al-Haq. "Report Lists Leaders of 'Al-Jihad' Sleeper Cells." (FBIS-NES-2002-0705/WNC)

_____. 2 December 2001. Usamah Abd-al-Haqq. "Report on 'Increasing Signs' of Extraditing Islamist Leaders in Europe to Egypt." (FBIS-NES-2001-1207/WNC)

Al-Sharq al-Awsat [London, in Arabic]. 30 July 2002. "Egyptian Islamic Group Leader Says Leftists Trying to Revive Sedition." (BBC Monitoring 29 July 2002/NEXIS)

_____. 7 July 2002. "Brother of Former Egyptian President's Killer Rejects Islamic Group's New Stance." (BBC Monitoring 8 July 2002/NEXIS)

_____. 7 February 2000. Muhammad Abu-Sutayt. "Report Profiles Egyptian Jihad's Figure." (FBIS-NES-2000-0207/WNC)

Asia Times. 12 Oct. 2002. Sreeram Chaulia. "Book Review: Inside Al Qaeda, Global Network of Terror by Rohan Gunaratna." [Accessed 17 Jan. 2003]

Associated Press (AP). 30 October 2002. Ahmed al-Haj. "Yemen Accuses Egypt of Arresting a Yemeni Businessman Close to Islamic Militants." (NEXIS)

_____. 20 April 2002. Hamza Hendawi. "Hamas Escapes Israeli Offensive Largely Unscathed and Threatens New Attacks." (NEXIS)

_____. 9 January 2002. John J. Lumpkin. "Who's Dead, Who's Captured and Who's Still on the Loose in the War on al-Qaida." (NEXIS)

The Bulletin's Frontrunner. 27 February 2002. "Web Sites Aid in Dissemination of Information on bin Laden." (NEXIS).

Canada. 1 October 2002. Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions. List of Names Subject to the Regulations Establishing a List of Entities Made Under Subsection 83.05(1) of the Criminal Code or the United Nations Suppression of Terrorism Regulations. [Accessed 22 Jan. 2003]

_____. 2001. Federal Court of Canada. The Minister of Citizenship and Immigration and The Solicitor General of Canada v. Mohamed Zeki Mhjoub (2001 FCT 1095). [Accessed 28 Jan. 2003]

Chattanooga Times. 3 October 2001. Suzanne Daley. "NATO Says U.S. Has Proof, Alliance Vows Ready to Fight." (NEXIS)

The Christian Science Monitor. 30 July 2002. Philip Smucker. "Arab Elite Warms to Al Qaeda Leaders." (NEXIS)

_____. 5 February 2002. Danna Harman. "Yemen Fights Own Terror War." (NEXIS)

Contra Costa Times. 13 October 2002. Drew Brown. "Little Hindered Terrorists' Escape From Afghanistan." (NEXIS)

The Daily Telegrah [London]. 30 November 2002. Philip Johnston and Sean O'Neill. "1998 Bomb Suspects Still Held in Britain." (NEXIS)

_____. 11 October 2002. David Rennie. "Tape 'Proves bin Laden's Deputy is Still Alive'." (NEXIS)

_____. 18 December 2001. Philip Johnston. "Bin Laden 'Aide' to be Extradited." (NEXIS)

_____. 28 September 2001. Philip Johnston. "'Terror Groups' Hiding in the Heart of Britain." (NEXIS)

The Daily Yomiuri [Tokyo]. 11 March 2000. Kazuhiko Fujiwara. "Mideast Watch/World Islamic Front Seen on Brink of Collapse." (NEXIS)

The Deseret News [Salt Lake City, UT]. 14 May 2002. "Assassin's Mom is Back in Cairo After 9 Years." (NEXIS)

Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 20 June 2000. "Egyptian Militant Leader Asks Followers to Review Ban on Violence." (NEXIS)

The Economic Times [India]. 31 October 2002. "US Launches Manhunt for al-Qaeda Terrorists in Pak." (NEXIS)

Egypt. 24 October 2001. Egypt State Information Service. "Egypt's Most Wanted." [Accessed 20 Jan. 2003]

Evening News [Edinburgh]. 9 October 2001. Mark Smith. "Daylight Bombers." (NEXIS)

The Evening Standard [London]. 14 October 2002. Robert Fox. "Experts Fear New Wave of Attacks Has Started." (NEXIS)

Gulf News. 15 January 2000. Hamoud Salhi. "Comment and Current Affairs: The Making of a Terrorist." (NEXIS)

Gunaratna, Rohan. May 2002. Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror. New York: Columbia University Press.

According to Asia Times, Gunaratna "personally conducted several hundred hours of interviews of more than 200 terrorists, including al-Qaeda members, in more than 15 countries, and thoughtfully compressed the data into a book" (12 Oct. 2002).

The Herald [Glasgow]. 30 November 2002. Rob Crilly and Ian Bruce. "In the Wrong Place at the Wrong Time." (NEXIS)

_____. 29 August 2002. Ian Bruce. "Al Qaeda Men 'Regrouping in Iran'; Bin Laden's Top Deputies Given Sanctuary to Plan Attacks." (NEXIS)

The Independent [London]. 30 October 2002. Andrew Buncombe. "Six Men of Terror Exposed in Murky World of al-Qa'ida." (NEXIS)

InfoProd. 26 September 2002. "Pakistan: Osama bin Laden's Number Two - In New Video." (NEXIS)

Intelligence Newsletter. 2 March 2000. "Hani Al Sibai (Egypt)." (NEXIS)

_____. 13 May 1999. "Adel Assayed Abdul Kudus (Egypt)." (NEXIS)

_____. 22 April 1999. "Ahmed Ibrahjim al Najjar (Egypt)." (NEXIS)

Middle East International. 26 February 1999. No. 594. Steve Negus. "Talking to the Jama'at."

Mideast Mirror. 7 June 2002. "The Irony of Arab Media Reforms." (NEXIS)

_____. 25 July 2000. "Rebuilding a Healthy Egypt-Iran Relationship." (NEXIS)

Newsday [New York, NY]. 16 October 2001. Mohammad Bazzi. "The War on Terror; Relying on Past Ideologies; Bin Laden Uses 19th Century Ideas to Justify Killing 'Infidels'." (NEXIS)

The New York Times. 14 December 2001. Susan Sachs. "A Nation Challenged: The Mideast Reaction; Look at bin Laden is Unlikely to Change the Minds of Arabs Hostile to U.S." (NEXIS)

_____. 17 September 2001. Chris Hedges. "After the Attacks: The Plot; New Jersey." (NEXIS)

The Observer. 20 January 2002. "Investigation: The UK Connection: Al-Qaeda Links." (NEXIS)

Press Association (PA). 23 October 2001. Tim Moynihan and John Aston. "'Bin Laden's Jihad' Call Shocked Saudi Dissident' - Lords." (NEXIS)

Sanaa [in Arabic]. 21 November 2002. "Yemeni Paper Gives Information on al-Qa'idah Suspect al-Ahdal." (BBC Monitoring 3 Dec. 2002/NEXIS)

San Jose Mercury News. 9 October 2001. Martin Merzer and Jonathan S. Landay. "The Bush Administration Notifies the U.N. that the United States' Military Retaliation May Expand Beyond Afghanistan." (NEXIS)

The Sun. 18 December 2002. Jami Pyatt and Brian Flynn. "Doesn't it Make You Sick." (NEXIS)

Sunday Times [London]. 11 November 2001. "Bin Laden had US Terror Cell for Decade." (NEXIS)

Time International. 6 May 2002. Tim McGirk, Hannah Bloch and Massimo Calabresi. "Rogues No More? Pervez Musharraf is Attempting to Take Pakistan's Secret Service. At Stake is the War on Terrorism." (NEXIS)

Toronto Star. 15 December 2002. Sandro Contenta. "Debunking the bin Laden Tape." (NEXIS)

_____. 24 October 2001. Bill Schiller. "Ex-bin Laden Worker Lied to Hide Link." (NEXIS)

Torstar News Service. 21 May 2002. "A Promising Start." (The Guelph Mercury/NEXIS)

United Press International (UPI). 8 September 2002. Paul Schemm. "Conference: Islam Under Assault." (NEXIS)

_____. 19 September 2001. Derk Kinnane Roelofsma. "Global Impact News Analysis." (NEXIS)

United States (US). n.d.a. Federal Bureau of Investigations. "Ayman al-Zawahiri." [Accessed 15 Jan. 2003]

_____. n.d.b. Federal Bureau of Investigations. "The FBI's Most Wanted Terrorists." [Accessed 22 Jan. 2003]

USA Today. 5 October 2001. Jack Kelley. "The Hunt for bin Laden - Report from Pakistan." (NEXIS)

Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran [Mashhad, in Dari]. 21 February 2001. "Official Denies Taleban Ready to Extradite Saudi Dissident Bin-Laden." (NEXIS)

Wall Street Journal (US ed.). 11 September 2002. "For Arabs, Past Year Bolsters Anti-U.S. Consensus: Islamist Groups are Trying to Drive a Political Wedge Between U.S. and Europe." (NEXIS)

The Washington Post. 12 May 2002. Howard Schneider. "Egyptian Radicals Veering Away from Violence." (NEXIS)

Western Daily Press. 27 September 2001. Chris Starkie. "Bin Laden Planned to Kill Bush." (NEXIS)

Attachments

Al-Hayat [London, Arabic]. 20 February 1999. "Government Reportedly Demands Extradition of Islamist from Austria." (BBC Summary 22 Feb. 1999/NEXIS)

Intelligence Newsletter. 13 May 1999. "Adel Assayed Abdul Kudus (Egypt)." (NEXIS)

Jane's Intelligence Review. December 2001. Vol. 13, No. 12. "The Egyptians Around Bin Laden."

_____. November 2001. Vol. 13, No. 11. "Ayman al-Zawahiri: Attention Turns to the Other Prime Suspect."

_____. November 2001. Vol. 13, No. 11. "Investigators Seek to Break Up Al-Qaeda's Financial Structure."

_____. August 2001. Vol. 13, No. 8. "Convictions Mark First Step in Breaking Up Al-Qaeda Network."

Additional Sources Consulted

Encyclopedia of World Terrorism. 1997. Vol. I-III.

Journal of South Asian & Middle Eastern Studies (Spring 1999, vol. XXII, no. 3 to Winter 2002, vol. XXV, no. 2)

The Middle East (Jan. 1999 to Jan. 2003)

Middle East International (Jan. 1999, no. 591 to Dec. 2002, no. 689)

Middle East Report (Spring 1999 to Winter 2002)

NEXIS

World News Connection

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