Indonesia: No End to Abusive 'Virginity Tests'

Indonesian President Joko "Jokowi" Widodo should order Indonesia's police chief and armed forces commander to immediately ban so-called "virginity tests" of female applicants, Human Rights Watch said today. By ending the practice, the Indonesian government would be abiding by its international human rights obligations and honoring the goals of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women on November 25, 2017.

Senior military and police officers with knowledge of the "virginity testing" policy told Human Rights Watch that the security forces continue to impose these cruel and discriminatory "tests," which are officially classified as "psychological" examinations, for "mental health and morality reasons."

"The Indonesian government's continuing tolerance for abusive 'virginity tests' by the security forces reflects an appalling lack of political will to protect the rights of Indonesian women," said Nisha Varia, women's rights advocacy director at Human Rights Watch. "These tests are degrading and discriminatory, and they harm women's equal access to important job opportunities."

Virginity testing is a form of gender-based violence and is a widely discredited practice, Human Rights Watch said. In November 2014, the World Health Organization issued guidelines that stated, "There is no place for virginity (or 'two-finger') testing; it has no scientific validity." Human Rights Watch first exposed the use of "virginity tests" by Indonesian security forces in 2014, but since then the government has failed to take the necessary steps to prohibit the practice.

An Indonesian military doctor told Human Rights Watch that senior military personnel were well-aware of the arguments against "virginity tests," but were unwilling to abolish them. The doctor suggested that stopping the tests required the direct and explicit intervention of Indonesian Armed Forces commander Gen. Gatot Nurmantyo to order an end to the practice. "The military is a top-down organization. We have to follow orders."

Jokowi should declare an immediate prohibition of "virginity tests" by the military and police and create an independent monitoring mechanism to ensure that security forces comply, Human Rights Watch said.

The testing includes the invasive "two-finger test" to determine whether female applicants' hymens are intact, findings that are scientifically baseless. While Human Rights Watch found that applicants who were deemed to have "failed" were not necessarily penalized, all of the women with whom we spoke with described the test as painful, embarrassing, and traumatic.

Several Indonesian military and police officers told Human Rights Watch that both security forces have also sought to justify the "two-finger test" as means of determining if applicants are pregnant. The "two-finger test" cannot determine pregnancy status, and employment discrimination based on pregnancy status is in any event a form of sex discrimination prohibited by Indonesia's international legal obligations.

All branches of the Indonesian military - air force, army, and navy - have used "virginity tests" for decades and, in certain circumstances, also extended the requirement to the fiancées of military officers. In May 2015, then-commander of Indonesia's armed forces, General Moeldoko, responded to criticism of "virginity tests," by saying to the media, "So what's the problem? It's a good thing, so why criticize it?"

Indonesian military spokesman Fuad Basya that same month asserted that "virginity tests" are a means of screening out inappropriate female recruits. "If they are no longer virgins, if they are naughty, it means their mentality is not good," Basya told The Guardian. Current Indonesian Armed Forces chief Nurmantyo has taken no steps to ban the practice.

Human Rights Watch has documented the use of abusive "virginity tests" by security forces in Egypt, India, and Afghanistan as well as in Indonesia and criticized calls for "virginity tests" for school girls in Indonesia.

"Virginity tests" have been recognized internationally as a violation of human rights, particularly the prohibition against "cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment" under article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and article 16 of the Convention against Torture, both of which Indonesia has ratified. The United Nations Human Rights Committee, the international expert body that monitors compliance with the ICCPR, states in a General Comment that the aim of article 7 is "to protect both the dignity and the physical and mental integrity of the individual." Coerced virginity testing compromises the dignity of women and violates their physical and mental integrity.

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and other human rights treaties prohibit discrimination against women. Because men are not subjected to virginity testing, the practice constitutes discrimination against women as it has the effect or purpose of denying women on a basis of equality with men the ability to work as police officers.

"Indonesian women who seek to serve their country by joining the security forces shouldn't have to subject themselves to an abusive and discriminatory 'virginity test' to do so," Varia said. "The Indonesian police and military cannot effectively protect all Indonesians, women and men, so long as a mindset of discrimination permeates their ranks."