International humanitarian law (IHL) / Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements

13 April 2015 | Judicial Body: Australia: Refugee Review Tribunal | Topic(s): Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements - Generalized violence - Minority rights - Threats / Intimidation | Countries: Australia - Sri Lanka

2 March 2015 | Judicial Body: United Kingdom: High Court (England and Wales) | Topic(s): Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements - Opposition - Terrorism | Countries: Saudi Arabia - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

26 February 2015 | Judicial Body: Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights | Topic(s): Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements - Expulsion - Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment - Right to liberty and security | Countries: Russian Federation - Uzbekistan

15 January 2015 | Judicial Body: Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights | Topic(s): Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements - Credibility assessment - Darfuri - Torture | Countries: France - Sudan

15 January 2015 | Judicial Body: Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights | Topic(s): Appeal / Right to appeal - Armed forces / Military - Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements - Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) - Suspensive effect - Torture | Countries: France - Sudan

31 October 2014 | Judicial Body: Australia: Refugee Review Tribunal | Topic(s): Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements - Persecution based on political opinion - Religious persecution (including forced conversion) - Shia - Social group persecution | Countries: Australia - Iraq

31 July 2014 | Judicial Body: Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights | Topic(s): Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements - Chechen - Criminal justice - Extradition - Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment - Rejected asylum-seekers | Countries: Azerbaijan - Russian Federation

24 July 2014 | Judicial Body: Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights | Topic(s): Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements - Credibility assessment - Deportation / Forcible return - Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment | Countries: Somalia - Sweden

14 July 2014 | Judicial Body: United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit | Topic(s): Armed forces / Military - Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements | Countries: El Salvador - United States of America

Replaced by ZMM (Article 15(c)) Libya CG [2017] UKUT 00263 (IAC) in respect of the assessment of the art 15(c) risk.- 28.06.17

14 July 2014 | Judicial Body: United Kingdom: Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) | Topic(s): Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements - Effective protection - Gender-based persecution - Honour killings - Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) - Persecution based on political opinion - Racial / Ethnic persecution - Rejected asylum-seekers - Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) - Women-at-risk | Countries: Libya - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland