Education Under Attack 2018 - Sudan

Bombing, shelling, arson, and looting damaged and destroyed hundreds of schools and killed and injured students and school personnel in Darfur and in Southern Kordofan, Abyei, and Blue Nile. School and university students, as well as school teachers, were also reportedly targeted for their perceived opposition, and were attacked with live and rubber bullets, teargas, batons, and other means.

Context

Conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan began in 2003 and continued through the period covered by this report. In 2014, violence and battles between government and rebel forces, in addition to intertribal conflict, reached a level of intensity that had not been seen since 2004, displacing nearly half a million people in Darfur in that year alone.^[2028] Attacks by government forces in Jebel Marra, the rebel stronghold in Central Darfur, intensified in the first half of 2016, exacerbating the humanitarian crisis. The Sudanese government also blocked access to Jebel Marra by the United Nations-African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID).^[2029]

Government security forces and their supporters in Darfur included the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces, and the police, as well as armed community groups. Anti-government non-state armed groups in Darfur included the Justice and Equality Movement and the Sudan Liberation Army, both of which claimed to be fighting against social injustice.^[2030] The government declared a unilateral ceasefire in Darfur in June 2016, but skirmishes continued.^[2031] In June 2017, the UN Security Council approved the reduction of UNAMID's peacekeeping forces by approximately one-third, despite ongoing violence in the region.^[2032]

In addition to the conflict in Darfur, after the 2011 secession of South Sudan, territorial conflicts broke out in Southern Kordofan, Abyei, and Blue Nile states, all of which bordered the new nation to the south. In 2011, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement North (SPLM-N), an armed opposition group, began fighting government forces in Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile.^[2033] Infighting continued from 2012 through 2014, and in 2015, the

SPLM-N launched increasingly powerful attacks in these two states, including shelling.^[2034] In December 2016, the parties to the conflict declared a ceasefire.^[2035] Aerial bombardment reportedly decreased in Darfur and in Southern Kordofan, Blue Bile, and Abyei states in the first half of 2017, possibly as a result of the ceasefires which were widely seen to be linked to a decision by the United States to lift economic sanctions on Sudan.^[2036]

Sudan's conflicts severely impacted children's access to education in all affected areas. Indiscriminate bombing by the government and opposition groups killed and maimed children, and damaged and destroyed schools.^[2037] In Darfur, OCHA reported that 680,000 children were out of school in 2013 alone. In addition, enrollment rates were lower than 75 percent in Blue Nile, Southern Kordofan, and Abyei states.^[2038] In 2014 the Minister of Education reported to local media that conflict-related insecurity led many students and teachers to leave school.^[2039]

From 2013 to 2016, the number of attacks on education remained comparable to levels reported in Education under Attack 2014, and they continued to take similar forms. Reports of all types of attacks began to decrease in 2017, possibly due in part to the ceasefires declared in Sudan's conflict zones. Information on attacks on education came from UN, NGO, and media sources. Restricted access to conflict-affected regions of Sudan made it challenging to verify data.

Sudan endorsed the Safe Schools Declaration in October 2015.

Attacks on schools

Aerial bombings by government forces damaged and destroyed dozens of schools during the reporting period. The Darfur region and Southern Kordofan state were most heavily affected by these attacks. Attacks in Darfur were reported at similar rates to those found in Education under Attack 2014, and those in Southern Kordofan were reported at rates similar to the years 2011 and 2012. GCPEA found no reports of attacks on schools in 2017, possibly due in part to the government's 2016 ceasefire in Darfur and the ceasefire between the government and the SPLM-N, which was active in Southern Kordofan, Abyei, and Blue Nile states.

In 2013 the UN reported three government air strikes on schools, which took place in Dursa village, Central Darfur state; Um Dadeti town, South Darfur state; and Tabit village, North Darfur state. Each air strike damaged schools and injured a combined total of six school children. The UN also reported that unknown armed attackers looted schools in Labado, East Darfur in April 2013.^[2040]

Meanwhile, during the first half of 2013, reports collated from UN, NGO, and media sources in Southern Kordofan state indicated that government forces damaged three schools and an SPLM-N mortar damaged one:

• The UN reported that an SPLM-N mortar shell hit the yard of El Manar Primary School for Boys in Kadugli, injuring a 10-year-old boy.^[2041]

• An NGO report stated that in February and March 2013, government aircraft bombarded villages in Delami and Al Buram counties, Southern Kordofan state, damaging several buildings, including two schools.^[2042]

• On May 16, 2013, four SAF bombs hit the Father Cliff Primary School for Orphans while the students were eating lunch, according to Nuba Reports. A 9-year-old boy was reportedly injured in the attack, when shrapnel struck his leg.^[2043]

Similar attacks continued to affect education in 2014. The UN documented 10 cases of schools being damaged or destroyed in Darfur.^[2044] Among these, the UN reported that two schools were looted and burned following fighting between government security forces and the Sudan Liberation Army-Minni Minawi (SLA-MM) in Umgonia village, South Darfur state, in February 2014.^[2045]

Also in 2014, government bombs reportedly damaged or destroyed schools in Southern Kordofan state. Human Rights Watch reported that government armed forces bombed five school areas at least three times between 2014 and 2015.^[2046] Nuba Reports separately reported three attacks on schools:

• A school in Kauda in the Nuba Mountains was hit by rockets dropped by SAF jets on January 1, 2014.^[2047]

• Nuba Reports documented an attack in which the SAF reportedly dropped bombs on the Tabanya Primary School.^[2048]

• On December 20, 2014, bombs reportedly hit a school in Katcha during fighting between the SAF and SPLM-N.2049

Attacks on schools continued in 2015, with the UN reporting 13 incidents throughout the year in Darfur.^[2050] For example, the UN documented the looting of six schools by government security officers in villages around eastern Jebel Marra in January 2015, and the destruction of one school in East Dafur state during fighting between the Rizeigat and Habania tribes on an unknown date.^[2051]

Schools in Southern Kordofan state were also reportedly damaged by aerial bombing and looting in 2015. For example:

• Amnesty International confirmed the indiscriminate aerial bombing of four schools in Southern Kordofan state in 2015, resulting in deaths, injuries, extensive property damage, and displacement.^[2052]

• On March 28, 2015, a school was burned down and looted during clashes between the SPLM-N and government security forces in Habila, Southern Kordofan state, according to the UN.^[2053]

The UN documented 20 attacks on schools in Darfur in 2016, an increase from the 13 incidents reported by the UN in 2015.^[2054] It was unclear when in 2016 the attacks occurred and whether they took place after the government's ceasefire in June.

Also in 2016, the UN received but could not verify reports of attacks on three schools in Southern Kordofan, Blue Nile, and Abyei states.^[2055] Media sources reported separately on three attacks on schools in the Nuba Mountains, Southern Kordofan state:

• Several media sources reported that on May 25, 2016, government forces dropped two parachute bombs into the compound of St. Vincent Primary School in the Nuba Mountains, damaging its classrooms and library and wounding a Kenyan teacher.^[2056]

• Radio Dabanga reported that, in April 2016, a government plane bombed a school in Dalami, Southern Kordofan state, destroying classrooms, killing the headmaster, and injuring two boy students who were 8 and 11 years old. The article stated that this was the fifth school in the area to be damaged by aerial bombardment in March and April.^[2057]

• According to Nuba Reports, another school was destroyed in the Nuba Mountains on May 28, 2016, during fighting between the SAF and SPLM-N.^[2058]

At the time of writing, GCPEA had not identified reports of attacks on schools in 2017.

Attacks on school students, teachers, and other education personnel

Throughout the reporting period, students, teachers, and other education personnel were caught in the crossfire during fighting, as they had been during the 2009-2013 period covered in Education under Attack 2014. As also reported in Education under Attack 2014, the government used force in responding to student protests and perceived political opposition, mostly in the Darfur region. Sporadic incidents were reported in the Darfur region, and in Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile.

Students and teachers in Darfur were harmed in attacks on education in 2013 and 2014. During that period, Radio Dabanga reported in September 2014 that basic school teachers in North Darfur were protesting the killing of seven colleagues in the past year. They accused a pro-government milita group of being responsible for the latest attack.^[2059] In addition, government security forces reportedly fired live ammunition at groups of students during two incidents in the Darfur region in 2013, and unidentified attackers targeted students in at least one incident in 2014. Examples of attacks included:

• Local media reported that on July 7, 2013, a soldier fired live bullets at students who became impatient over delays and perceived corruption while waiting to obtain a seal required for university applications in Nyala, South Darfur. One student was killed and four were wounded.^[2060]

• According to Sudanese news sources, on September 29, 2013, police shot teargas and live ammunition at secondary students protesting the increased cost of national exams in North Darfur, killing at least one student and injuring at least ten.^[2061]

• Media sources found that on July 16, 2014, a teacher in Darfur was abducted, with Radio Dabanga attributing the event to pro-government militia members. The outcome of the abduction was unknown.^[2062]

• Radio Dabanga reported that a secondary school teacher was beheaded in September 2014, attributing responsibility to pro-government militia members.^[2063]

• According to the Sudan Tribune, government security forces arrested nine teachers in Darfur in September 2014 for participating in a strike to protest unpaid salaries.^[2064]

• Radio Dabanga reported that on an unknown day during the week of November 23-30, 2014, men in military uniforms abducted a female secondary school student on her way home from school in North Darfur. It was not clear why she was kidnapped or where she was taken.^[2065]

Violence affected teachers in West Kordofan beginning in 2015, which coincided with the SPLM-N's broader operations in the area and the government's increased response. For example, the UN reported an unspecified incident in April 2015 in which the SPLM-N killed an unknown number of education personnel in West Kordofan state.^[2066]

Also in 2015, the Asylum Research Consultancy (ARC) reported that government security forces used teargas and live ammunition to disperse primary school students protesting for unknown reasons in Blue Nile state in October 2015.^[2067]

Incidents impacting teachers and students occurred in both the Darfur region and Southern Kordofan state in 2016, with just one reported incident in each area:

• In the first quarter of 2016, the ARC reported that one student was killed during clashes between the SPLMN and government forces in a village in Southern Kordofan state during primary school exams.^[2068]

• The Sudan Tribune reported that on September 15, 2016, unidentified gunmen shot and killed three students and injured two others in Kass, South Darfur. Local leaders alleged that non-state armed groups operating in the area were responsible for the attack.^[2069]

Violence in Darfur continued to affect students occasionally in 2017, with at least two incidents that year, according to media sources:

• Chadian forces reportedly kidnapped a student from a Quran school in Sirba locality, West Darfur, on October 29, 2017, taking him in the direction of the Chadian border. A witness told the media that the motivation for the attack was unclear.^[2070]

• On November 10, 2017, unidentified gunmen stormed a teacher dormitory at a school in Muglad town, Central Darfur, killing two teachers. The motive for the attack was unknown.^[2071]

Military use of schools

Government security forces and non-state armed groups used schools as barracks or bases of operation in both Darfur and Southern Kordofan during the reporting period, with at least eight such cases between 2013 and 2017. GCPEA found more reports on this activity from 2013 to 2017 than from 2009 to 2013, when the UN reported the use of three schools in Southern Kordofan state and none in Darfur. This difference could be due to stronger monitoring and reporting in the more recent period.

The UN reported the military use of five schools in Darfur between 2013 and 2016.^[2072] This may have included the following four incidents reported separately by the UN:

• The UN received credible information regarding military use of one school in South Darfur in 2014. 2073

• The UN reported the use of three schools in Darfur by national security forces in 2016.^[2074] The UN also reported military use of schools by government forces in Southern Kordofan:

• A UN report documented the use of two schools as military camps in September of 2014: the Gadid Basic School in Abu Jibeha locality, and the Suq al-Jabal Basic School in Abbasiyya locality.^[2075]

• The UN documented the use of a school in Kadugli, Southern Kordofan state, by the National Intelligence Security Service in March 2016.^[2076] The school was reportedly closed for vacation at the time, and it was quickly vacated because of advocacy by the UN and Ministry of Education.^[2077]

Sexual violence by armed parties at, or en route to or from, school or university

According to information received by the UN, children in Darfur were raped in various settings, including en route to and from school.^[2078] The UN also reported that government and affiliated forces allegedly perpetrated individual and mass rapes against women and girls in Darfur.^[2079] At least two cases of sexual violence, or threats of sexual violence, by government forces against students were reported, including the following:

• On October 5 and 6, 2014, government security forces violently and forcibly evicted approximately 70 female Darfuri students from the Zahra dormitory complex at the University of Khartoum, beating numerous students and arresting 18 who refused to leave. The students told Human Rights Watch that they were hit and interrogated at the National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) offices before being taken to Omdurman prison for women.^[2080] The US Department of State received reports that the government security forces accused the students of supporting rebel groups in Darfur and subjected them to sexual and other physical violence.^[2081] Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International reported that government security forces raped one student during this incident.^[2082]

• Both the Sudan Social Development Organization (SUDO), a UK-based NGO, and Radio Dabanga reported that in March 2015, ten girls and seven boys were attacked as they walked along a road to take their final exams in Central Darfur. Between two and five girls were raped and eight girls abducted. SUDO attributed the attack to the Rapid Support Forces, while Radio Dabanga attributed it to government troops.^[2083]

Attacks on higher education

Violence occurred at university protests, with government security forces allegedly using excessive force against protesters.^[2084] Protests were sometimes peaceful, but at other times student protesters reportedly wielded weapons, including metal bars, stones, and chains.^[2085]

According to Human Rights Watch, police reportedly stood in front of dormitories and harassed female students as they entered and exited.^[2086] Amnesty International also highlighted a government crackdown on university students who spoke out against the humanitarian situation in Darfur, which was usually carried out by the NISS and with students affiliated with the ruling National Congress Party.^[2087] Other violence in the context of higher education included outbreaks of fighting between supporters of different political parties on campuses, and attacks with unknown motivations.

There were at least 30 reported attacks on higher education during the reporting period. These reports peaked in 2015, when several hundred were reportedly arrested and approximately one dozen killed.^[2088] Overall, however, the level of violence was lower than in the 2009-2013 reporting period, when hundreds of students were injured and more than a thousand arrested across the country.

Various sources documented the following six incidents affecting university students in 2013, the majority perpetrated by security forces and related to government suppression of protests about the situation in Darfur. More than 100 students were reportedly arrested in these attacks and at least 15 were injured:

• Human Rights Watch and other sources reported that in May 2013, nine students sustained injuries at El Fasher University in North Darfur. Students were attending a meeting when 70 student members of a progovernment armed group entered the campus. Clashes broke out and militia members fired into the air, wounding one student. As students attempted to flee, police and NISS members at the campus gate fired into the crowd, wounding eight more.^[2089]

• Human Rights Watch found that on June 16, 2013, intelligence officers arrested five Darfuri student activists in three separate locations in Khartoum and Omdurman. The students were held in detention for at least one month. 2090

• Also on June 16, 2013, a violent outbreak allegedly occurred at Omdurman's Ahlia University between student supporters of the ruling National Congress Party and student members of the United Popular Front, a group linked to the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army faction.^[2091]

• Local media reported that in September 2013, 22 Darfuri students were arrested and several were injured during a sit-in at the University of Peace in West Kordofan. This was part of ongoing nationwide protests against a university policy requiring Darfuri students to pay tuition, despite a political agreement that Darfuri students were exempt from such payments. Police used live ammunition, batons, air rifles, and teargas against the student protesters.^[2092]

• Scholars at Risk reported that on October 29, 2013, government security forces raided a meeting held at the Ahfad University in Khartoum to establish a unified position against the government crackdown on protests related to the situation in Darfur. Nine professors were arrested and detained until the next day.^[2093]

The government was responsible for further violence against university student protesters, particularly students from Darfur or those protesting the violence in Darfur throughout 2014. As in 2013, more than 100 students were arrested by security forces and at least a dozen were injured. In addition, at least one student was reportedly killed by government forces in 2014. These violent attacks included the following:

• Scholars at Risk and Amnesty International reported that on March 11, 2014, government security forces reportedly fired live ammunition and teargas at students engaged in a demonstration at the University of Khartoum, killing one student and injuring seven. They also arrested more than 100 student protesters. The students were protesting the escalating violence in Darfur.^[2094] Radio Dabanga reported that government security forces also reacted violently at a memorial service held for the dead student a few days later.^[2095]

• Scholars at Risk reported two additional incidents in 2014 in which multiple university students were wounded when government security forces dispersed student protests.^[2096]

• Scholars at Risk also reported that on May 21, 2014, university lecturer and activist Sidig Noreen Ali Abdalla had been detained incommunicado and without charges at El Obeid prison for more than four months.^[2097] He was thought to have been detained due to his advocacy around the situation in Darfur.^[2098]

• A university student activist told Amnesty International that NISS officers arrested him five times, once each in 2003, 2007, 2008, and in March and September 2014. In the last incident, the NISS severely beat him and kept him in solitary confinement for 10 days. The NISS also forced him to provide a blood sample, and he suspected that NISS agents purposefully infected him with Hepatitis B while he was detained, as a doctor found that he was newly infected with the virus a week after he was released. After his release, NISS agents continued to monitor his movements and sent him threatening messages, so he fled to Egypt in February 2015.^[2099]

In 2015, Amnesty International reported that government security forces arbitrarily arrested and detained 200 students from Darfur and killed at least 13 at universities across the country that year.^[2100] The US Department of State also reported detentions and the possible torture of Darfuri students by government forces in September 2015.^[2101] Attacks on higher education included the following:

• Scholars at Risk and other international sources reported that on April 14, 2015, riot police used teargas to disperse student protesters at El Fasher University who were calling for a boycott of the general elections for president and national assembly. At least 18 students were detained and charged with criminal offenses. Many of them reportedly appeared in court in the following days with blood on their clothes and other signs that they had been beaten.^[2102]

• Amnesty International stated that in October 2015, the Holy Quran University imposed retroactive tuition fees on Darfuri students. In response, approximately 500 Darfuri students organized a public seminar on campus on October 13, 2015, which was attacked by 70 to 100 ruling party-affiliated students, police, and NISS agents wielding explosive devices and iron bars. The attack injured six students.^[2103] On October 25, 2015, Darfuri students at the Holy Quran University reportedly organized another protest, but government security forces and ruling party-affiliated students attacked them again, injuring 15 students, according to Amnesty International. The next day police arrested twelve students, releasing three the same day and detaining the other nine until an unknown day in November 2015.^[2104]

In 2016, rights groups, the UN, and other sources documented continued violence by government forces against university students across the country, including the use of teargas, rubber bullets, batons, and live ammunition to break up protests.^[2105] Much of this violence occurred in April 2016.^[2106] Two students were killed and dozens arrested, which was a frequency similar to that in 2013 and 2014. For example:

• Amnesty International reported that in January 2016, government security forces and students affiliated with the ruling party attacked a peaceful assembly of Darfuri students at the University of El Geneina. They beat multiple students with metal bars and other instruments, killing one. Government security forces also arrested 27 students from the Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa ethnic groups.^[2107]

• According to the UN, on March 24, 2016, a female university student was assaulted by NISS officers while she was on her way to the University of El Geneina in West Darfur.^[2108]

• Al Jazeera reported that in April 2016, government security forces opened fire on around 200 students protesting the sale of a University of Khartoum building for use as a tourist attraction, killing one student.^[2109]

• According to Scholars at Risk and media sources, on April 19, 2016, NISS personnel attacked students participating in elections at the University of Kordofan, killing one student and injuring 27 more.^[2110]

• The UN reported that on April 26, 2016, seven students from Nyala University, South Darfur state, were arrested for demonstrating against increased public transport fees. They were reportedly beaten while in detention for an unknown period of time.^[2111]

• Media sources indicated that pro-government armed groups shot and killed one student and wounded three at Omdurman Ahlia University in Omdurman, Khartoum state on April 27, 2016.^[2112]

• Scholars at Risk reported that on May 5, 2016, NISS officers raided a meeting at the University of Khartoum where students were discussing how to appeal the university's decision to dismiss them for their involvement in student-led demonstrations. The officers beat and detained nine students.^[2113]

The number of reported attacks on higher education decreased in 2017. Examples included the following:

• On May 9, 2017, armed police entered the dormitories of Bakht El Rida University in White Nile state and ordered all students to leave, after a student group held a protest over the possibly fraudulent process surrounding the election of a student union committee. Three students were allegedly shot in the incident, and 19 were arrested and detained for an unknown period of time.^[2114]

• On May 15, 2017, the Darfur Student Association at El Zaeem El Azhari University in Khartoum North met to discuss the right to a free education. NISS agents stormed the campus and arrested 15 Darfuri students, including two females, and injured two others. It was not clear how long the arrested students were kept in detention.^[2115]

• Amnesty International reported that NISS agents arrested Naser Aldeen Mukhtar Mohamed, the former chairperson of the Darfur Students' Association at the Holy Quran University, at the campus gates on August 22, 2017.^[2116] He was released without charge on January 28, 2018.^[2117]

2028 "Sudan: Conflict Profile," Peace Insight, n.d.

2029 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2017, Sudan chapter.

2030 "Sudan: Conflict Profile." Human Rights Watch, "Men With No Mercy": Rapid Support Forces Attacks against Civilians in Darfur, Sudan (New York: Human Rights Watch, September 2015), p. 4.

2031 UN General Assembly and Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," A/72/361S/2017/821, para. 155.

2032 Somini Sengupta, "U.N. to Reduce Peacekeepers in Darfur Region of Sudan," New York Times, June 29, 2017. "UN: Drastic Cuts to Darfur Mission Misguided," Human Rights Watch news release, June 14, 2017.

2033 "Sudan: Conflict Profile."

2034 UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in the Sudan," S/2017/191, March 6, 2017, paras. 11-13.

2035 UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," S/2017/191, paras. 12-13.

2036 "Human Rights Benchmarks for Sudan," Human Rights Watch news release, May 3, 2017. Human Rights Watch, Letter regarding the human rights situation in Sudan during the 36th session of the UN Human Rights Council (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2017).

2037 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2014, Sudan chapter.

2038 OCHA, Sudan Common Humanitarian Fund: CHF Annual Report 2013, June 10, 2014.

2039 "East Darfur students, teachers affected by insecurity," Radio Dabanga, November 6, 2014.

2040 UN General Assembly and Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," A/68/878S/2014/339, para. 141. UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," S/2017/191, para. 43.

2041 UN General Assembly and Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," A/68/878S/2014/339, para. 135.

2042 Sudan Consortium, The impact of aerial bombing attacks on civilians in Southern Kordofan, Republic of Sudan: A Briefing to the Summit of the African Union (Kampala, Uganda: May 2014), p. 7-8.

2043 "Student injured in Kauda primary school bombing," Nuba Reports, May 16, 2013.

2044 UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary General," S/2017/191, para. 43. Information provided by a UN respondent, June 13, 2017.

2045 UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," S/2017/191, para. 43.

2046 "Sudan: Bombing Campaign's Heavy Toll on Children," Human Rights Watch news release, May 6, 2015.

2047 "Rocket attack strikes school in Kauda," Nuba Reports, January 24, 2014.

2048 "Bombing kills nine on first day of negotiations," Nuba Reports, February 13, 2014.

2049 "Weeks of bombardment shows no signs of stopping as forces clash near Kadugli," Nuba Reports, January 10, 2015.

2050 UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," S/2017/191, para. 43.

2051 UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," S/2017/191, para. 43.

2052 Amnesty International, Don't We Matter? Four Years of Unrelenting Attacks against Civilians of Sudan's South Kordofan State, (London: Amnesty International, August 18, 2015), p. 25.

2053 UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," S/2017/191, para. 40.

2054 UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," S/2017/191, para. 43. UN General Assembly and Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," A/72/361-S/2017/821, para. 159.

2055 UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," S/2017/191, paras. 40. UN General Assembly and Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," A/72/361-S/2017/821, para. 165.

2056 "School Kids in Sudan Narrowly Escape Bombing of Catholic School," Huffington Post, May 28, 2016. "Condemnation as Sudan bombs South Kordofan civilians," Radio Dabanga, May 29, 2016. "Primary school bombed in latest string of civilian attacks," Nuba Reports, May 27, 2016.

2057 "Teacher killed in air raids on South Kordofan schools," Radio Dabanga, April 29, 2016.

2058 "SAF launches limited attack on rebels from Al Azrak," Nuba Reports, May 30, 2016.

2059 "Basic school teachers join strike in Kutum, North Darfur," Radio Dabanga, September 4, 2014.

2060 "Darfuri student killed, four wounded in shooting at Nyala National Service centre," Radio Dabanga, July 7, 2013, as cited in GCPEA, Education under Attack 2014, p. 190.

2061 "Three secondary school students killed, 25 injured in North Darfur," Radio Dabanga, September 29, 2013. "One Student Killed, 10 Injured By Police in Malha," Sudan Radio, September 30, 2013, as cited in GCPEA, Education under Attack 2014, p. 190.

2062 "Militia members abduct 'mainly displaced' in Darfur," Radio Dabanga, July 18, 2014.

2063 "Basic school teachers." "Darfur lawyers condemn Violence against activists in Kutum," Radio Dabanga, September 7, 2014.

2064 "Sudan security arrests nine teachers in North Darfur state," Sudan Tribune, September 10, 2014.

2065 "Student abducted, women molested in Kutum, North Darfur," Radio Dabanga, December 1, 2014.

2066 UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," S/2017/191, para. 40.

2067 "SUDO UK, Human Rights Abuses in Sudan over the Mont of October 2015, 1 November 2015, Blue Nile Asylum," as cited in Asylum Research Consultancy (ARC), South Kordofan and Blue Nile Country Report, June 1, 2016, p. 126.

2068 "SUDO(UK), Human rights abuses in Sudan over the month of March 2016, 26 April 2016, South Kordofan," as cited in ARC, South Kordofan, p. 58.

2069 "Three students killed, two injured by militias in South Darfur," Sudan Tribune, September 17, 2016.

2070 "Sudan: West Darfur Koran Student Abducted by Chad Soldiers," Radio Dabanga, October 31, 2017.

2071 "Gunmen kill two teachers in West Kordofan," Radio Dabanga, November 10, 2017..

2072 UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," S/2017/191, para. 45.

2073 UN General Assembly and Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," A/69/926S/2015/409, para. 184.

2074 UN General Assembly and Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," A/72/361S/2017/821, para. 159.

2075 UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," S/2017/191, para. 42.

2076 UN General Assembly and Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," A/72/361S/2017/821, para. 165.

2077 Information shared by a UN respondent via email, January 16, 2018.

2078 UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," S/2017/191, para. 36.

2079 UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," S/2015/203, para. 53. UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," S/2017/249, para. 64.

2080 "Sudan: Police Beat, Arrest Female Students," Human Rights Watch news release, October 15, 2014.

2081 US State Department et al., "Country Reports 2014: Sudan," p. 5.

2082 Human Rights Watch, Good Girls Don't Protest, p. 25. Amnesty International, "Uninvestigated, Unpunished": Human Rights Violations Against Darfuri Students in Sudan (London: Amnesty International, 2017), p. 33.

2083 "Several attacks on Civilian by RSF." "Two raped, eight missing," p. 210.

2084 For example, see Human Rights Watch, We Stood, They Opened Fire: Killings and Arrests by Sudan's Security Forces During the September Protests (New York: Human Rights Watch, April 2014), p. 9. Human Rights Watch, Good Girls Don't Protest, pp. 11-13, 28-30.

2085 For example, see Scholars at Risk Network, Academic Freedom Monitor, University of Khartoum, May 4, 2014.

2086 Human Rights Watch, Good Girls Don't Protest, p. 28.

2087 Amnesty International, Darfuri Students Arrested, Detained, and Tortured for Speaking Out (London: Amnesty International, 2017).

2088 A full list of references can be found on GCPEA's website, http://www.protectingeducation.org/education-under-attack-2018-references.

2089 "Sudanese police, security forces and student militia group fire live ammunition at Darfur Students; nine students sustain gun-shot wounds," African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies, May 22, 2013, as cited in GCPEA, Education under Attack 2014, p. 190. Human Rights Watch, World Report 2014, Sudan chapter.

2090 "Sudan: Wave of Arrests after Rebel Offensive," Human Rights Watch news release, July 10, 2013.

2091 "Sudan: Wave of Arrests."

2092 "30 Darfuri Students Banned from Babanusa University," Radio Tamazuj, October 1, 2013; "Darfuri students injured, 20 arrested in Babanusa, Sudan," Radio Dabanga, September 20, 2013; "22nd Darfuri student arrested in Babanusa, West Kordofan," Radio Dabanga, September 22, 2013," as cited in GCPEA, Education under Attack 2014, p. 190.

2093 Scholars at Risk Network, Academic Freedom Monitor, Ahfad University, October 29, 2013.

2094 Scholars at Risk Network, Academic Freedom Monitor, University of Khartoum, March 11, 2014. "Sudan: Student Shot Dead and More than 100 Arrested at Khartoum Protest," Amnesty International news release, March 11, 2014. Amnesty International, "Uninvestigated, Unpunished," p. 38. US State Department et al., "Country Reports 2014: Sudan," p. 2.

2095 "Police violently breaks up student demonstration in Sudan's capital," Radio Dabanga, March 14, 2014.

2096 Scholars at Risk Network, Academic Freedom Monitor, Nyala University, April 4, 2014. Scholars at Risk Network, Academic Freedom Monitor, University of Khartoum, May 4, 2014.

2097 Scholars at Risk Network, Academic Freedom Monitor, West Kordofan University, May 21, 2014.

2098 "Sudan: End Arbitrary Detention of Activists," Human Rights Watch news release, June 25, 2014.

2099 Amnesty International, "Uninvestigated, Unpunished," p. 34.

2100 Amnesty International, "Uninvestigated, Unpunished," p. 5. US State Department et al., "Country Reports 2015: Sudan," p. 13.

2101 US State Department et al., "Country Reports 2015: Sudan," p. 18.

2102 Scholars at Risk Network, Academic Freedom Monitor, Al-Fasher University, April 14, 2015. US State Department et al., "Country Reports 2015: Sudan," p. 46.

2103 Amnesty International, "Uninvestigated, Unpunished," p. 20-21.

2104 Amnesty International, "Uninvestigated, Unpunished," p. 21-22.

2105 A full list of references can be found on GCPEA's website, http://www.protectingeducation.org/education-under-attack-2018-references.

2106 "Sudan: Students, Activists at Risk of Torture," Human Rights Watch news release, May 25, 2016.

2107 Amnesty International, Darfuri Students Arrested. Amnesty International, "Uninvestigated, Unpunished," pp. 28, 37.

2108 UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur," S/2016/587, July 1, 2016, para. 53.

2109 "Students protest at Sudan's oldest university," Al Jazeera, April 15, 2016. Khaled Abdelaziz, "Hundreds protest in Sudan capital after student shot dead," Reuters, April 27, 2016.

2110 Scholars at Risk Network, Academic Freedom Monitor, University of Khartoum, April 19, 2016. "Sudan: Government must investigate." "'Killing a student is killing a nation': Sudanese universities revolt," Open Democracy, April 22, 2016. "Students rally against killings in Sudan's universities," Radio Dabanga, April 29, 2016. Karen MacGregor, "Another 'Opposition' Student Killed as Protests Spread," University World News, April 30, 2016. "Sudan Student Killing Sparks Wave of Protests," Guardian, April 22, 2016.

2111 UN Security Council, "Report of the Secretary-General," S/2016/587, para. 53.

2112 Karen MacGregor, "Another 'Opposition' Student."Sudan Student Killing Sparks Wave of Protests," Guardian, April 22, 2016.

2113 Scholars at Risk Network, Academic Freedom Monitor, University of Khartoum, May 5, 2016.

2114 "Excessive use of force directed at students by Sudanese forces in White Nile and Khartoum Bahri," African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies, May 19, 2017.

2115 "Excessive use of force."

2116 "Sudan: Detained student activist risks ill-treatment: Naser Aldeen Mukhtar Mohamed," Amnesty International news release, September 5, 2017. "Sudan: Further information: Sudanese student held in solitary confinement: Naser Aldeen Mukhtar Mohamed," Amnesty International news release, November 22, 2017.

2117 "Sudan: Further Information: Student held in solitary confinement released: Naser Aldeen Mukhtar Mohamed," Amnesty International campaign, February 5, 2018.