HIV/AIDS spreads among Uyghurs in China's Xinjiang

2015-08-11

Young Uyghur men pass through a night market in Hotan in northwest China's Xinjiang region, April 16, 2015. AFP

HIV/AIDS has been on the increase among young Uyghur men in the southern part of northwest China's Xinjiang region due to an influx of infected prostitutes who have been transmitting the deadly disease since 2009, according to a Uyghur former health official and a professor with knowledge of the situation.

"Now HIV/AIDS is a most dangerous disease in the Uyghur autonomous region, especially among local Uyghurs," said Feruk Pidakar (not his real name), a former senior government official at the Office for AIDS Control and Prevention under the Health Department of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the area's formal name.

"It's a more dangerous and harmful social phenomenon than the 'unstable elements' which are caused by so-called 'terrorism' and 'religious extremism,' according to the Chinese propaganda," he said.

Pidakar, who is in his mid-30s said left China several weeks ago with his family to seek a better and safer future for his children in the United States.

He insisted on using an assumed name during an interview with RFA's Uyghur Service because he does not want authorities to endanger the safety of his parents and other relatives who are still living in Xinjiang.

"Thousands of Han-Chinese immigrants moved to the southern part of Xinjiang with the government's support," he said. "Hundreds of prostitution houses opened under the guise of beauty salons, massage parlors or bathrooms in Aksu (in Chinese, Akesu), Kucha (Kuqa), Kashgar (Kashi), Yarkant (Shache) and Hotan (Hetian)."

"AIDS/HIV-infected Han sex workers from China's inner provinces sell [their services] in predominantly Han red-light districts in southern Xinjiang," he said. "When we were in the south, some of the Uyghur parents and farmers complained to us that there were black-windowed minibuses loaded with Han sex workers that provided cheep sex to the young Uyghur farmers."

Pidakar, who worked as a government official in the Office for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention in the regional capital Urumqi for more than 15 years, said his work there was stressful because of political pressure because due to the sensitive nature of his work.

Nearly 35,200 people in Xinjiang had contracted HIV/AIDS, and 8,400 had died from the disease, according to figures issued by the regional Heath and Family Planning Committee at the end of 2014.

Roughly 13,000 cases were in Ili (Yili) Kazakh Autonomous prefecture, 10,000 in Urumqi, 7,000 in Aksu prefecture, 5,000 in Kashgar prefecture and 2,000 in Hotan and Turpan (Tulufan) prefectures.

Local Uyghurs now account for 80 percent of HIV/AIDS victims in Xinjiang, which had the fifth highest number of cases of the disease among China's regions and provinces, according to the Office for HV/AIDS Control and Prevention, Pidakar said.

"Compared to other ethnic groups, especially the Han Chinese, the number of HIV/AIDS-infected Uyghurs has increased dramatically since 2009," he said.

Before 2008, most HIV-infected people had been concentrated in northern part of Xinjiang, including the cities of Ghulja (Yining) and Urumqi, and contracted the disease from infected needles they used to inject heroin, he said.

But since 2009, the HIV epidemic increased dramatically as a sexually transmitted disease in southern Xinjiang, especially in Aksu, Kashgar and Hotan, where now more than 90 percent of those infected are ethnic Uyghurs.

Sexually transmitted HIV/AIDS accounts for 78 percent of the current cases, he said.

Rapid spread among young men

The disease's rapid spread among young Uyghur men in the south came about after the deadly July 2009 riots which prompted the Chinese government to step up its repopulation strategy and assimilation policy in the area by bringing in more Han Chinese to settle there.

"Hundreds of Han-Chinese immigrant prostitutes moved to southern part of Xinjiang recently in the last several years and have opened prostitution houses under the guises of beauty salons, bathrooms, massage parlors and disco halls," he said.

The riots, which began as a protest in Urumqi, escalated into violent attacks mainly targeting Han Chinese. China's armed police were called in to quell the unrest, which killed nearly 200 people, and injured more than 1,700 while leaving many vehicles and buildings destroyed.

Pidakar cited other factors that have contributed to the region's "explosion" in HIV/AIDS among Uyghurs in southern Xinjiang: the government's failure to organize sufficient preventive measures, health organizations spending money on treating AIDS patients rather than preventive measures, lack of HIV prevention workers, doctors and public awareness campaign designers, lack of regulations to ensure the medical privacy of HIV/AIDS patients, lack of classroom education on the disease; and authorities forbidding of the publication of information on the disease and public awareness campaigns in the region.

The first recorded case of an HIV/AIDS-infected person in Xinjiang was in 1995 in Komul (Hami), the most eastern prefecture that bordered China's inner provinces and was heavily populated by Han Chinese, he said.

Before 2010, the place where Pidikar worked was previously called the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Fangyizhan, or Center for Epidemic Control and Prevention.

But in 2011, when the number of HIV-infected people was increasing, the government established the Office for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention under the Center for Epidemic Control and Prevention to deal with the crisis, he said.

Nevertheless, some counties in southern Xinjiang still have only one employee who is responsible for HIV prevention work, and most material on the subject is published in Chinese, not the Uyghur language, he said.

"So most of the local Uyghur population, especially Uyghur farmers, have no knowledge and prevention methods regarding HIV/AIDS," Pidikar said.

The transmission of HIV/AIDS in the northern part of Xinjiang has been partly controlled in recent years, but it has spread widely among Uyghurs men age 20-40 in the southern oasis towns, he said.

"Our investigation indicates that local Uyghurs make up the overwhelming majority of such infections in southern Xinjiang," he said. "Today people refer to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the region as 'a Uyghur disease.'"

Prevention work

Every year, the Office for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention organizes a team to send to the south to do HIV/AIDS prevention work, but its efficiency and effectiveness depends on how much support it receives from the local Party committee and Han Chinese first Party secretary, he said.

"To a large extent, the local authorities are focusing their main work on maintaining 'stability' and fighting the 'war on terror,' and refuse to do any kind of HIV/AIDS education or prevention work," he said.

Uyghurs have complained that although the government has set strict rules banning Muslim praying, fasting and other religious activities to maintain 'social stability' and national security, it has failed to ban the illegal activities of Han sex workers and continued to allow red-light districts, he said.

"Previously, the Office for HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention organized two public health education activities annually in every prefecture, but in 2014 and this year, the office could not arrange them for lack of government support," he said, adding that officials instead focused on combating the 'war on terror.'

Memetjan Sadir, a Uyghur sociologist who was an associate professor at a university in Urumqi before immigrating to the United States earlier this year, told RFA that when he used to travel to southern Xinjiang annually for research, he noticed signs of the increasing HIV/AIDS epidemic.

"The authorities have left behind the rapidly increasing HIV/AIDS epidemic in the region and instead focused on so-called 'terrorism and religious extremism,'" he said.

He noted that security in Hotan had increased when he visited the area in July 2014 following the start of the Chinese government's "strike hard" campaign to fight separatism, religious extremism and terrorism in Xinjiang. The campaign followed several violent incidents in the region, including a May 22 bombing at a market in Urumqi that killed 43 people, including the four attackers.

But when Sadir and a local Uyghur friend visited a street dominated by Han immigrants in Hotan city, he could not believe his eyes when he saw hundreds of Han prostitutes standing in the doorways of beauty salons, massage rooms, bathrooms and cafes, beckoning in different Chinese dialects and accents to young men who passed by.

"I saw dozens of armed police patrolling just at the entrance of this red-light district with armored cars," he said.

His colleague said the red-light district had only appeared there in the last several years, and local authorities turned a blind eye to it.

"Educated Uyghur citizens and government employees know that the immigrant Han sex workers are infected with the HIV/AIDS virus, but nobody dares to complain about them," he said. "If they speak openly, they know very well that they will be accused of the crime of ethnic separatism or religious extremism."

The sex workers were also loaded onto minibuses with blacked-out windows and driven to the countryside or villages to sell cheap sex services, he said.

"So young Uyghur farmers have become infected with HIV/AIDS through sexual transmission," Sadir said. "Neither the government nor the local police controls this issue. Their eyes are always blind to this kind of thing. Actually, they give it the green light."

Reported by Eset Sulaiman for RFA's Uyghur Service. Translated by Eset Sulaiman. Written in English by Roseanne Gerin.

Link to original story on RFA website