World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Moldova : Jews
Publisher | Minority Rights Group International |
Publication Date | January 2018 |
Cite as | Minority Rights Group International, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Moldova : Jews, January 2018, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749ce3c.html [accessed 21 May 2023] |
Disclaimer | This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States. |
Updated January 2018
Profile
There are an estimated 5,500 Jews in Moldova (data: American Jewish Yearbook, 2002), though sources such as the US Department of State have put the community at 15,000 or more. Most Jews speak Russian as a first language and live in urban areas.
Historical context
Within the Russian Empire, Chisinau and the surrounding area were designated part of the Pale of Settlement and had a thriving Yiddish-speaking community. In 1897 Jews made up 12 per cent of Bessarabia's population. Chisinau was the site of two significant pogroms in the early twentieth century: the first in 1903, in which some 49 Jews lost their lives and a further 500 were injured, and the second in 1905, in which a further 19 Jews were killed. These events became the subject of Chaim Nachman Bialik's work of Hebrew literature, Be-Ir ha Haregah ('In the City of Slaughter'). Nazi genocide, war and emigration had reduced numbers to 65,700 (1.5 per cent) by 1989.
After the late 1980s, some 40,000 Moldovan Jews are thought to have emigrated to Israel. This process was encouraged by new opportunities to naturalize as Israeli citizens and by the advance of the Moldovan/Romanian language to the detriment of Russian. In 1998 the Moldovan government adopted a decree convoking the First International Congress of Moldavian Jews. Since that time increased efforts have been made by the Moldovan state to support the Jewish community, although anti-Semitic trends in wider society remain a source of concern. For example, in the unrecognised republic of Transnistria some 70 Jewish gravestones were vandalized in March 2004 at the Tiraspol Jewish Cemetery. In September 2010, a synagogue in Chisinau was defaced with swastikas and Nazi imagery. Within the Russian-speaking community, anti-Semitism has appeared among more extreme Russian nationalists.
At the same time, there has in recent years been a religious revival and a chief rabbi has been appointed to Chisinau. In 2003 commemorations of the Chisinau pogrom of 1903 took place with the participation of state officials, including President Voronin; a monument was opened in a park at the old Jewish cemetery in Chisinau. Teaching of the history of the Holocaust was also introduced into national school curricula in 2003. Nonetheless, representatives of the Moldovan Jewish community claim that anti-Semitic views continue to be expressed amongst nationalist opposition parties in Moldova.
Current issues
Some anti-Semitic incidents have taken place in recent years, such as the desecration of graves in a Jewish cemetery in Chisinau by a couple in 2013, with the male perpetrator receiving a four-year suspended sentence. In October 2015 swastikas were found daubed on the walls of a Jewish school in Chisinau.
There have also at times been public displays of anti-Semitism, including protests in Chisinau in November 2010 against Jews placing a menorah near the statue of a medieval king. The leader of the demonstrations, involving several hundred Orthodox Christians, said the menorah would be an 'offense' and represent 'oppression of the Christians by the non-Christians'. The mayor allowed the ceremony to go ahead, however, and no incidents were reported. Nevertheless, the Jewish community has regularly staged events and celebrations of tolerance and diversity.
The Jewish community has also experienced some issues with property restitution, including ownership of the ruined Rabbi Tsirilson Synagogue and Magen David Yeshiva, purchased in 2010 but then claimed by the authorities. A court ruled in the community's favour in December 2015.
Updated January 2018