2013 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Singapore

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Singapore is a parliamentary republic where the People's Action Party (PAP), in power since 1959, overwhelmingly dominated the political scene. The 2011 general and presidential elections were viewed as open and free, with the major opposition party winning a record six seats in Parliament. The by-election held during the year was viewed as open and free, with the major opposition party winning the contested seat. Authorities maintained effective control over the security forces. Security forces did not commit human rights abuses.

The government has broad powers to limit citizens' rights. The government could and did censor the media (from television shows to websites) if it determined that the content would undermine social harmony or criticized the government. The Internal Security Act (ISA) permits preventive detention without warrant, filing of charges, or normal judicial review; in recent years the government has used it against alleged terrorists and not against persons in the political opposition.

The following human rights problems were reported: Caning is an allowable punishment for some crimes; restrictions existed on free speech and assembly; government intimidation led to self-censorship by journalists; some limited restriction of freedom of religion; and some restrictions on labor rights.

The government prosecuted officials who committed human rights abuses, although there were no instances of such prosecutions reported during the year.

Section 1. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from:

a. Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life

There were no reports that the government or its agents committed arbitrary or unlawful killings.

b. Disappearance

There were no reports of politically motivated disappearances.

c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

The law prohibits such practices, and the government generally respected these prohibitions.

The law mandates caning, in addition to imprisonment, as punishment for approximately 30 offenses involving violence such as certain cases of rape and robbery, and for nonviolent offenses such as vandalism, drug trafficking, and violation of immigration laws. Caning is discretionary for convictions on other charges involving the use of force such as kidnapping or voluntarily causing grievous hurt. Caning can also be used as a punishment for misbehavior while in prison; such punishment must be approved by the prison director and reviewed by the Institutional Discipline Review Committee before being executed. All women, men over age 50 or under age 16, men sentenced to death whose sentences have not been commuted, and persons determined medically unfit are exempt from punishment by caning. In 2012 the courts sentenced 2,500 persons to judicial caning, and 2,203 caning sentences were carried out; including 1,070 foreigners caned for committing immigration offenses.

Prison and Detention Center Conditions

Prison and detention center conditions generally met international standards.

Physical Conditions: As of September 12,863 prisoners and detainees, of whom 1,269 were women, were in custody. Female prisoners were held in a separate facility from male prisoners. There were no juvenile prisoners. The designed capacity of the prison system was 16,249. Prisoners had access to potable water.

There were no reports of deaths in custody during the year.

Administration: Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) considered recordkeeping adequate. Authorities may offer nonviolent offenders the option of paying a fine or probation in lieu of incarceration. The category of the inmate determined the frequency and type of visitors allowed. In general, authorities allowed family members and close relatives to visit inmates. Prison authorities must approve visits of nonrelatives. Authorities allowed most inmates visits twice a month and up to three visitors in a visit session. They allowed detainees awaiting trial visits every weekday. The prison system also used televisits, utilizing nine teleconference centers located throughout the city-state, including one specifically for televisits by children under age 16. A system exists under which prisoners may file complaints alleging mistreatment or misconduct. The Provost Unit, which is located in the prison headquarters, can be called to investigate the complaint.

Volunteers from religious organizations such as the Prison Muslim Fellowship, the Buddhist Federation, the Roman Catholic Prison Ministry, and the Sikh Welfare Council provided religious services within the prison system.

Authorities permitted prisoners and detainees to submit complaints to judicial authorities without censorship and to request investigation of credible allegations of inhumane conditions. The Board of Visiting Justices, consisting of justices of the peace appointed by the minister for home affairs, is responsible for the basic welfare of the prisoners and conducts prison inspections. All inmates have access to the visiting justices.

Authorities investigated credible allegations of inhumane conditions and documented the results of such investigations in a publicly accessible manner. The government investigated and monitored prison and detention center conditions. The Institutional Discipline Advisory Committee and the Institutional Discipline Review Committee render an opinion to the director of prisons on whether corporal punishment was excessive.

Independent Monitoring: The government allowed the Singapore National Committee for UN Women and the Hong Kong Society of Rehabilitation and Crime Prevention to visit the prisons, and gave diplomatic representatives regular, frequent consular access to citizens of their countries. Authorities also allowed members of the press to visit the prisons. Additionally, the members of the Board of Visiting Justices visited the prisons on monthly basis.

d. Arbitrary Arrest or Detention

The law prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention, and the government generally observed these prohibitions.

Role of the Police and Security Apparatus

The national police, under the direction of the Ministry of Home Affairs, maintains internal security; the armed forces, under the direction of the Ministry of Defense, are responsible for external security.

Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the police force and the armed forces, and the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau had effective mechanisms to investigate and punish abuse and corruption. There were no reports of impunity involving the security forces during the year.

Arrest Procedures and Treatment of Detainees

The law requires the issuance of an authorized warrant, in most instances, for arrests; however, some laws, such as the ISA, provide for arrest without warrant. Those arrested under a warrant must be charged before a magistrate within 48 hours. Authorities charged expeditiously and brought to trial the majority of those arrested. A functioning bail system existed. Individuals who faced criminal charges were allowed counsel; however, access to counsel during an initial arrest and investigation before charges were filed was limited. Those arrested could have access to counsel upon request as long as investigations were complete or nearly complete. An accused individual may plead guilty or ask for a trial and seek advice of counsel before deciding what plea to enter. In criminal cases a preliminary hearing must occur no earlier than eight weeks after the initial plea. At this preliminary hearing the judge determines whether there is sufficient evidence to proceed to trial and sets a court date suitable to the prosecution and defense. The government assigned attorneys to represent indigent persons accused of capital crimes, and the Law Society administered a legal-aid plan for some other accused persons who could not afford to hire an attorney.

Arbitrary Arrest: Some laws – the ISA, the Criminal Law (temporary provisions) Act (CLA), the Misuse of Drugs Act (the drug act), and the Undesirable Publications Act (UPA) – have provisions for arrest and detention without a warrant; under these laws executive branch officials can order continued detention without judicial review. Authorities have invoked the ISA primarily against suspected security threats. In recent years such threats have come from suspected terrorists. Authorities employed the CLA primarily against suspected organized crime and drug trafficking.

Pretrial Detention: The ISA and the CLA permit preventive detention without trial for the protection of public security, safety, or the maintenance of public order. The ISA authorizes the minister for home affairs with the consent of the president to order detention without filing charges if it is determined that a person poses a threat to national security. The initial detention may be for up to two years, which the minister for home affairs may renew for an unlimited number of additional periods of up to two years at a time with the president's consent. The law provides detainees a right to be informed of the grounds for their detention and to counsel; however, they have no right to challenge the substantive basis for their detention through the courts. The ISA specifically excludes recourse to the normal judicial system for review of a detention order made under its authority. Instead, detainees may make representations to an advisory board, headed by a Supreme Court justice, which reviews each detainee's case periodically and must make a recommendation to the president within three months of the initial detention. The president may concur with the advisory board's recommendation that a detainee be released prior to the expiration of the detention order, but he is not obligated to do so.

In 2012 authorities issued orders of detention (ODs) against 15 persons for their involvement in terrorism-related activities. Abd Rahim bin Abdul Rahman (Abd Rahim) and Husaini bin Ismail (Husaini), who were issued ODs under the ISA in March and June 2012, respectively, were identified as members of the Jemaah Islamiyah terrorist network.

A religious rehabilitation program designed to wean detained terrorists from extremist ideologies was in effect, and the government released a number of detainees under the program, subject to restrictive orders (ROs).

Authorities allowed ROs against 17 former members of Jemaah Islamiyah to lapse between March and September 2012.

In 2012, 23 persons were on ROs. This number included both released detainees and suspected terrorists who were never arrested. A person subject to an RO must seek official approval to change address or occupation, travel overseas, or participate in any public organization or activity. There is also a category of suspension direction (SD) that prohibits association with militant or terrorist groups or individuals as well as travel outside the country without the prior written approval of the government. In 2012 two persons were subject to SDs. Authorities monitored detainees released on ROs and SDs and required them to report to authorities on a regular basis.

The CLA comes up for renewal every five years and was last renewed in 2009. Under the CLA the minister for home affairs may order preventive detention, with the concurrence of the public prosecutor, for an initial period of one year, and the president may extend detention for additional periods of up to one year at a time. The minister must provide a written statement of the grounds for detention to the Criminal Law Advisory Committee (CLAC) within 28 days of the order. The CLAC then reviews the case at a private hearing. CLAC rules require that authorities notify detainees of the grounds of their detention at least 10 days prior to this hearing, during which a detainee may represent him or herself or be represented by a lawyer. After the hearing the committee makes a written recommendation to the president, who may cancel, confirm, or amend the detention order. Persons detained under the CLA have recourse to the courts via an application for a writ of habeas corpus. Persons detained without trial under the CLA are entitled to counsel, but they may challenge the substantive basis for their detention only to the CLAC. The government used the CLA almost exclusively in cases involving narcotics or criminal organizations and not for political purposes. In 2008, the most recent year for which statistics were available, the government issued 64 detention orders and six police supervision orders, and 290 persons were in detention under the CLA at the end of 2008.

Persons who allege mistreatment while in detention may bring criminal charges against the government officials alleged to have committed the act; no such cases were reported during the year. (See section 1.e., Civil Judicial Procedures and Remedies, regarding a death in custody in 2010.)

Both the ISA and the CLA allow for modified forms of detention such as curfews, residence limitations, requirements to report regularly to authorities, limitations on travel, and, in the case of the ISA, restrictions on political activities and association.

The drug act also permits detention without trial in an approved institution for the purpose of the treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts. Under the act, if a suspected drug abuser tests positive for an illegal drug, the director of the Central Narcotics Bureau (CNB) may commit the person to a drug rehabilitation center for a six-month period, which a review committee of the institution may extend for up to a maximum of three years. Under the Intoxicating Substances Act, the CNB director may order treatment of a person believed to be an inhalant drug abuser for up to six months. In 2012, 1,384 persons were committed to rehabilitation centers under the authority of the Intoxicating Substances Act or drug act. As of December 2012, 1,175 persons were held in rehabilitation centers.

e. Denial of Fair Public Trial

The constitution provides for an independent judiciary, and the government generally respected judicial independence; however, constitutionally authorized laws that limit judicial review permit restrictions on individuals' constitutional rights. The president consults with the prime minister, but has discretion in appointing the chief justice and judges to the Supreme Court. The president appoints subordinate court judges on the recommendation of the chief justice. The Legal Service Commission, of which the chief justice is the chairman, determines the term of appointment. Under the ISA and the CLA, the president and the minister for home affairs can exercise executive discretion, which explicitly (in the case of the ISA) or implicitly (in the case of the CLA) excludes normal judicial review. These laws empower the government to limit, on vaguely defined national security grounds, the scope of certain fundamental liberties that otherwise are provided for in the constitution.

Some commentators and representatives of international NGOs noted that the Legal Service Commission's authority to rotate subordinate court judges and magistrates and its and the chief justice's discretion with regard to extending the tenure of Supreme Court judges beyond the age of 65 undermined the independence of the judiciary.

Trial Procedures

The law provides all defendants with the right to a fair trial, and independent observers viewed the judiciary as generally impartial and independent, except in a small number of cases involving direct challenges to the government or the ruling party. The judicial system generally provides citizens with an efficient judicial process.

In normal cases the criminal procedure code provides that a charge against a defendant must be read and explained to him as soon as it is composed by the prosecution or the magistrate. Trials are public and heard by a judge; there are no jury trials. Defendants have the right to be present at their trials and to be represented by an attorney; the Law Society administered a criminal legal-aid plan for those who cannot afford to hire an attorney. Under the state-administered Legal Assistance Scheme for Capital Offenses, anyone facing a capital charge is eligible to be assigned counsel; no eligibility criterion is imposed. In November parliament amended the criminal procedure code to provide for an automatic appeal process for all death sentence cases. Nonviolent offenders may be offered the option of paying a fine or probation in lieu of incarceration.

Defendants also have the right to question prosecution witnesses, provide witnesses and evidence on their own behalf, and review government-held evidence relevant to their cases. Defendants enjoy a presumption of innocence and the right of appeal in most cases. Defense lawyers believe that they generally had sufficient time and facilities to prepare an adequate defense. Despite the general presumption of innocence, the drug act stipulates that a person, whom the prosecution proves had illegal narcotics in his or her possession, custody, or control, shall be assumed to be aware of the substance and places the burden on the defendant to prove, although not beyond a reasonable doubt, otherwise. The same law also stipulates that, if the amount of the narcotic is above set limits, it is the defendant's burden to prove he or she did not have the drug for the purpose of trafficking. Convictions for narcotics trafficking offenses carry lengthy jail sentences or the death penalty, depending on the type and amount of the illegal substance. Defendants have 14 days from the date of conviction to enter an appeal.

Persons detained under the ISA or CLA are not entitled to a public trial. Proceedings of the advisory board under the ISA and CLA are not public.

Political Prisoners and Detainees

There were no reports of political prisoners or detainees.

Civil Judicial Procedures and Remedies

There is no differentiation between civil and criminal judicial procedures. The subordinate courts handled the majority of civil cases. Access to the courts is open, and citizens and residents have the right to sue for infringement of human rights. In November 2012 a gay couple filed a challenge in the High Court to the law that criminalizes consensual same-sex sexual activity (see section 6, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity).

During the year the family of Dinesh Raman, a prisoner who died in custody in 2010, sued the government seeking a High Court review of the death. Raman died as a result of guards restraining him after a fight broke out in his cellblock. In July Deputy Superintendent Lim Kwo Yin was convicted of negligence not amounting to culpable homicide and was fined Singapore dollars (S$) 10,000 ($8,000). The Ministry of Home Affairs audited the prison system but did not disclose its findings. The State Coroner discontinued his inquiry stating that the criminal proceeding established the circumstances of Raman's death. There were no other attempts to use legal action against the government for alleged human rights violations.

f. Arbitrary Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence

The constitution does not address privacy rights; remedies for infringement of some aspects of privacy rights are available under statutory or common law. The government generally respected the privacy of homes and families. Normally police must have a warrant issued by a court to conduct a search; however, they may search a person, home, or property without a warrant if they decide that such a search is necessary to preserve evidence or under the discretionary powers of the ISA, CLA, the Misuse of Drugs Act, and the UPA.

Law enforcement agencies, including the Internal Security Department and the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau, had extensive networks for gathering information and conducting surveillance and highly sophisticated capabilities to monitor telephone and other private conversations. No court warrants are required for such operations. Most residents believed that authorities routinely monitored telephone conversations and the use of the internet. Most residents also believed that authorities routinely conducted surveillance of some opposition politicians and other government critics.

Section 2. Respect for Civil Liberties, Including:

a. Freedom of Speech and Press

Freedom of Speech: The constitution provides for freedom of speech and freedom of expression but imposes official restrictions on these rights, and the government significantly restricted freedom of speech and of the press with regard to criticism of the government and statements that would undermine social or religious harmony. Government intimidation and pressure to conform resulted in self-censorship among many journalists. Increased debate regarding many public issues, such as the institution of a minimum wage, public transportation, the rights of domestic workers, immigration policy, salaries of elected officials, and the role of the president did take place to a minor extent in newspapers but more so on the internet. The government-linked media extensively covered opposition parties and candidates.

Citizens need a permit to speak at indoor public gatherings that are outside the hearing or view of nonparticipants if the topic refers to race or religion. In the campaign leading to the by-election in January, opposition parties held rallies as often as the ruling party.

The government effectively restricted the ability to speak or demonstrate freely in public to a single location called Speakers' Corner, located in a public park adjacent to a noisy intersection. Prospective speakers must be citizens and show their identification cards. Events need not be registered in advance with the police but must be preregistered online with the government. While it is not necessary to declare speech topics in advance, regulations governing the Speakers' Corner state that "the speech should not be religious in nature and should not have the potential to cause feelings of enmity, ill will, or hostility between different racial or religious groups." Subject to obtaining a police permit, permanent residents and other foreigners may also speak or participate in or organize activities at the Speakers' Corner.

Press Freedoms: Under the ISA the government may restrict or place conditions on publications that incite violence, counsel disobedience to the law, have the potential to arouse tensions in the country's diverse population, or might threaten national interests, national security, or public order. The ISA has not been invoked against political opponents of the government since 1998.

Government leaders urged that news media support the goals of the elected leadership and help maintain social and religious harmony. In addition to strict defamation and press laws, the government's demonstrated willingness to respond vigorously to what it considered personal attacks on officials led journalists and editors to moderate or limit what was published. In some instances, the government sued journalists or online bloggers for defamation or for stories that undermined social and religious harmony.

The government strongly influenced both the print and electronic media. Two companies, Singapore Press Holdings Limited (SPH) and MediaCorp, owned all general circulation newspapers in the four official languages – English, Chinese, Malay, and Tamil. A government investment company wholly owned MediaCorp. SPH is a private holding company with close ties to the government; the government must approve (and can remove) the holders of SPH management shares who have the power to appoint or dismiss all directors or staff. As a result, while newspapers printed a large and diverse selection of articles from domestic and foreign sources, their editorials, coverage of domestic events, and reporting of sensitive foreign relations topics usually closely reflected official government policies and the opinions of government leaders.

Columnists' opinions and letters to the editor expressed a moderate range of opinions on public issues, some critical of government policies.

Government-linked companies and organizations operated all domestic broadcast television channels and almost all radio stations. Only one radio station, the BBC World Service, was completely independent of the government. Some Malaysian and Indonesian television and radio programming could be received, but authorities prohibited satellite dishes with few exceptions. Cable subscribers had access to numerous foreign television shows and a wide array of international news channels and many entertainment channels. The government did not censor international news channels but did censor entertainment programs to remove or edit coarse language, representations of intimate gay and lesbian relationships, and explicit sexual content.

Censorship or Content Restrictions: The Media Development Authority (MDA), a statutory board under the Ministry of Communications and Information, continued to regulate heavily broadcast and print media and other media, including movies, video materials, computer games, and music. Banned publications consisted primarily of sexually oriented materials but also included some religious and political publications. Both the MDA and the ministry developed censorship standards with the help of a citizen advisory panel. The ISA, UPA, and the Films Act allow the banning, seizure, censorship, or restriction of written, visual, or musical materials if authorities determine that such materials threaten the stability of the state, contravene moral norms, are pornographic, show excessive or gratuitous sex and violence, glamorize or promote drug use, or incite racial, religious, or linguistic animosities. The MDA has the power to sanction broadcasters for broadcasting what it believed to be inappropriate content. All content shown between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. must be suitable for viewers of all ages.

Under the Newspaper and Printing Presses Act (NPPA), the government may limit the circulation of foreign publications that it determines interfere with domestic politics. The NPPA requires foreign publications with circulation of 300 or more copies per issue that report on politics and current events in Southeast Asia to register, post a bond of S$200,000 ($160,000), and name a person in the country to accept legal service. The requirements for offshore newspapers applied to nine foreign newspapers. Three other newspapers were exempted from the requirement.

The government may limit (or "gazette") the circulation of publications. The government also may ban the circulation of domestic and foreign publications under provisions of the ISA and the UPA. The Broadcasting Act empowers the minister for communications and information to gazette or place formal restrictions on any foreign broadcaster deemed to be engaging in domestic politics. The government can require a gazetted broadcaster to obtain express permission from the minister to continue broadcasting in the country. The government may impose restrictions on the number of households receiving a broadcaster's programming and may fine a broadcaster up to S$100,000 ($80,000) for failing to comply.

During the year the MDA refused to license one internet website and placed another "on notice" (see Internet Freedom below).

Libel Laws/National Security: Critics have charged that government leaders used defamation lawsuits or threats of such actions to discourage public criticism and intimidate opposition politicians and the press. Conviction on criminal defamation charges may result in a prison sentence of up to two years, a fine, or both.

The attorney general may bring charges for contempt of court, and he used this power during the year to charge at least one author who published criticisms of the judiciary.

In April cartoonist Leslie Chew was arrested and charged with sedition for a cartoon drawing published on his Facebook page entitled "Demon-cratic Singapore," the Attorney General's Chamber (AGC) stated it would drop the charges if Chew issued a public apology for defaming the government and court system. Chew refused stating that his artwork was fictional. In August the AGC decided to drop additional contempt of court charges after Chew apologized for scandalizing the judiciary system and removed some of his work from his Facebook page.

Also in April the Council for Private Education (CPE), a statutory board, threatened Han Hui Hui, a 21-year-old student, with a defamation suit for publishing allegedly defamatory e-mails. Han's e-mails alleged that private schools in the country provided their students with answers to standardized tests. Han countersued the CPE claiming that a government body has no right to sue for defamation. On October 8, CPE and Han settled out of court, and the CPE stated that it would not sue Han provided there was no prejudice or liability towards CPE.

In November well-known blogger Alex Au was charged with contempt of court for an article that the AGC alleged challenged the fairness of the courts. A trial was pending.

Internet Freedom

Although residents generally had unrestricted access to the internet, the government subjected all internet content to the same rules and standards as traditional media. Individuals and groups could engage in the expression of views via the internet, including by e-mail. Internet service providers (ISPs) are required to ensure that content complies with the MDA's internet code of practice. The MDA also regulates internet material by licensing the ISPs through which local users are required to route their internet connections. The law permits government monitoring of internet use, and the government closely monitored internet activities, such as social media posts, blogs, and podcasts. The MDA was empowered to direct service providers to block access to websites that, in the government's view, undermined public security, national defense, racial and religious harmony, or public morals. Political and religious websites must register with the MDA. Although a government-appointed review panel recommended that the government cease banning 100 specific websites for being pornographic, inciting racial and religious intolerance, or promoting terrorism and extremism, the ban remained. In 2012, 91 percent of residents had access to the internet.

In May the MDA announced a new regulation requiring certain internet news sites to obtain a license. This requirement applies to sites that publish on average over a two-month period one article per week relating to issues in Singapore and which receive a two-month average of at least 50,000 monthly site visits from unique addresses of Singapore-based internet providers. The license requires these sites to submit a bond of S$50,000 ($40,000) and to adhere to new requirements to remove prohibited content within 24 hours of notification from the MDA. Many citizens viewed this regulation as a way to censor online critics of the government. In June more than 2,500 persons participated in a protest against the new regulation. The MDA stated that it put the regulation in place to regulate commercial news sites and promote conformity with other forms of media such as print and television. The minister of communications and information publicly stated that the new regulation was not intended to target individual bloggers or blogs.

In July the MDA placed a newly formed independent news site named The Independent on notice to register under the Broadcasting Act in order to prevent the website from receiving foreign funding. The MDA stated it had received information that the news site was receiving foreign funding and reiterated that the law prohibits entities reporting on domestic current affairs from "being controlled by or coming under the influence of foreign entities or funding." The Independent responded that it had never received foreign funding and publicly stated that it would "not ever come under the influence of foreign entities or funding."

In November the government notified The Breakfast Network blog that it would be required to register under the Broadcasting Act. On December 10, The Breakfast Network stated it would close its website because it found the application and registration process to be unreasonably onerous and complicated. According to The Breakfast Network, the registration information the government required included aggregated subscriber data, personal information on volunteer contributors, and a list of subscribers and advertisers who provided more than 5 percent of the website's revenue. Local NGOs commented that the MDA's requirements made it difficult for new media entrants to comply. MDA insisted that the site's corporate managers and editorial contributors be listed to ensure that foreign influence is not brought to bear on domestic politics. On December 13, the MDA announced that because The Breakfast Network had not registered under the Broadcasting Act it would not be permitted to reopen on any internet platform, including Facebook and Twitter.

Academic Freedom and Cultural Events

All public institutions of higher education and political research had limited autonomy from the government. Although faculty members are not technically government employees, they were subject to potential government influence. Academics spoke, published widely, and engaged in debate on social and political problems, although they were aware that public comments outside the classroom or in academic publications that ventured into prohibited areas – criticism of political leaders or sensitive social and economic policies or comments that could disturb ethnic or religious harmony or appeared to advocate partisan political views – could subject them to sanctions. Publications by local academics and members of research institutions rarely deviated substantially from government views.

The Films Act authorizes the minister of communications and information to ban any film, whether political or not, that in his opinion is "contrary to the public interest." The Films Act does not apply to any film sponsored by the government and allows the minister to exempt any film from the act.

Certain films barred from general release may be allowed limited showings, either censored or uncensored. Films, including banned films, were available through YouTube and other websites.

During the year an edited version of the locally produced satiric film Sex.Violence.FamilyValues, which was banned in 2012, was permitted a short release in certain theaters.

b. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association

Freedom of Assembly

The constitution provides citizens the right to peaceful assembly but permits Parliament to impose restrictions "it considers necessary or expedient" in the interest of security, public order, or morality, and the government restricted this right. Public assemblies, including political meetings and rallies, require police permission. By law a public assembly may include events staged by a single person. Citizens do not need permits for indoor speaking events unless they touch on "sensitive topics" such as race or religion or for qualifying events held at Speakers' Corner. Police also have the authority to order a person to "move on" from a certain area and not to return to the designated spot for 24 hours.

In June, 21,000 citizens and permanent residents participated in the annual Pink Dot event at Speakers' Corner in a show of support for Singapore's lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community. Citizens held three demonstrations during the year to protest newly implemented government policies concerning population growth and new internet regulations. Spontaneous public gatherings or demonstrations were virtually unknown.

On December 8, the country's worst riot in more than 40 years took place when an estimated 300 South Asian migrant workers became enraged after an Indian worker was accidently killed in a traffic accident. Approximately 300 police and Special Forces responded and controlled the situation within hours. Some social activists and local NGOs believed that underlying racial tensions and unhappiness with living and work conditions were contributing factors. Statements by senior government officials and state-influenced media suggested the government believed a confluence of unique circumstances, including alcohol consumption by some of the rioters, had fueled the unrest and not factors such as race or living and work conditions. On December 18, the government announced that 28 migrant workers would face charges, 53 would be deported without trial, and 200 others would receive warnings. The government also announced a Committee of Inquiry to investigate the riot. Local NGOs and bloggers as well as some international NGOs expressed concerns that the government's swift response had denied some of the accused their right to due process.

The government closely monitored political gatherings regardless of the number of persons present.

Freedom of Association

Most associations, societies, clubs, religious groups, and other organizations with more than 10 members are required to register with the government under the Societies Act. The government denied registration to groups that it believed were likely to have been formed for unlawful purposes or for purposes prejudicial to public peace, welfare, or public order. The government has absolute discretion in applying criteria to register or dissolve societies. As of October the Registry of Societies received 193 registration applications. Of these, it approved 142.

The government prohibits organized political activities except by groups registered as political parties or political associations. The PAP was able to use nonpolitical organizations, such as residential committees and neighborhood groups, for political purposes far more extensively than opposition parties. Political associations are subject to strict financial regulations, including a ban on receiving foreign donations. Due to laws regulating the formation of publicly active organizations, there were few NGOs apart from nonpolitical organizations, such as religious groups, ethnically oriented organizations, environmental groups, and providers of welfare services.

c. Freedom of Religion

See the Department of State's International Religious Freedom Report.

d. Freedom of Movement, Internally Displaced Persons, Protection of Refugees, and Stateless Persons

The constitution and the law provide for freedom of internal movement, foreign travel, emigration, and repatriation, and the government generally respected these rights, although it limited them in certain circumstances. The government cooperated with the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and other humanitarian organizations in providing protection and assistance to asylum seekers and other persons of concern.

In-country Movement: Government policies mandating ethnic balance in publicly subsidized housing, in which the majority of citizens lived sometimes limited citizens' choice of where to live. The government may refuse to issue a passport and has done so in the case of some former ISA detainees. The ISA permits authorities to restrict a person's movement. According to official press releases, in 2012 there were 23 suspected terrorists subject to such restrictions.

Foreign Travel: Men are required to serve 24 months of uniformed national service upon reaching age 18. They also are required to undergo reserve training up to age 40 (for enlisted men) or 50 (for officers). Male citizens and permanent residents with national service reserve obligations are required to advise the Ministry of Defense of plans to travel abroad. Men and boys 13 years of age or older who have not completed national service obligations are required to obtain exit permits for international travel if they intend to be away for three months or more. To obtain the required permit, a prospective traveler must in certain cases post a bond equal to S$75,000 ($60,000) or 50 percent of the combined gross annual income of both parents for the preceding year, whichever is greater. The bond requirement applies to male travelers who are 16½ years of age and older for travel exceeding three months and to male travelers who are 13 to 16½ years of age for travel lasting two or more years.

Emigration and Repatriation: Holders of national passports have the right to repatriate. The government actively encouraged citizens living overseas to return home or at least to maintain active ties with the country. The law allows for loss of citizenship by citizens who reside outside the country for more than 10 consecutive years, but it was not known to have been used.

In exchange for allowing former members of the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) residing outside the country to repatriate, the government requires that they renounce communism, sever all links with the CPM, and agree to be interviewed by the Internal Security Department about their past activities. Some former CPM cadres accepted these conditions and returned, but observers estimated that approximately 30 alleged CPM members have not.

Protection of Refugees

Access to Asylum: The country's laws do not provide for the granting of asylum or refugee status, although the government has established a system for providing protection to refugees on a case-by-case basis.

Section 3. Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to Change Their Government

The constitution provides citizens the right to change their government peacefully, and citizens exercised this right through periodic, free, and fair elections based on universal suffrage. Voting is compulsory, and 93 percent of eligible voters voted in the most recent general election. While opposition parties can contest elections, and the voting and vote-counting systems are fair and free from tampering, the PAP, which has held power continuously and overwhelmingly for five decades, has used the government's extensive powers to place formidable obstacles in the path of political opponents.

Elections and Political Participation

Recent Elections: In January the ruling party lost a by-election in the Punggol East District. Worker's Party (WP) candidate Lee Li Lian defeated the PAP candidate with 54 percent of the votes. The most recent national elections, held in 2011, were free, fair, and open to a viable opposition. The general elections operate under the first-past-the-post system. Following the 2011 elections, the PAP (having captured 60.1 percent of the vote) held 81 of 87 elected constituency seats in this 12th Parliament. Six opposition parties combined for 39.8 percent of the vote and one of them, the WP, won six elected seats, including their first-ever group representation constituency (GRC). A constitutional provision assures at least nine opposition members in Parliament; there were three nonconstituency members of Parliament (NCMP) in the 12th Parliament, two from the WP and one from the Singapore People's Party. NCMPs are chosen from the highest finishing runners-up in an election.

The law provides for a president to be popularly elected for a six-year term from among candidates approved by a constitutionally prescribed committee selected by the government. In 2011 Tony Tan was elected president in the first contested presidential election since 1993. In the four-way race Tan won with 35.2 percent of the vote.

Political Parties: The opposition continued to criticize what it described as PAP abuse of its incumbency advantages to handicap opposition parties. The PAP maintained its political dominance in part by circumscribing political discourse and action; however, restrictions were relaxed during the campaign period. The belief that the government might directly or indirectly harm the employment prospects of opposition supporters inhibited some opposition political activity, but there were no confirmed cases of such retaliation.

The PAP has an extensive grassroots system and a carefully selected, highly disciplined membership. The establishment of government-organized and predominantly publicly funded Community Development Councils (CDCs) further strengthened the PAP's position. The CDCs promoted community development and cohesion, and provided welfare and other assistance services. The PAP dominated the CDCs even in opposition-held constituencies from which it threatened to withdraw publicly funded benefits.

The PAP completely controlled key positions in and out of government, influenced the press, and benefited from weak opposition parties. Often the PAP's methods were fully consistent with the law and the normal prerogatives of a parliamentary government, but the overall effect was to perpetuate PAP supremacy. The constitutional requirement that members of parliament resign if expelled from their party helped ensure backbencher discipline. Since 1988 the PAP changed all but 12 single-seat constituencies into GRCs of four to six parliamentary seats, in which the party with a plurality wins all of the seats. According to the constitution, such changes are permitted to ensure ethnic minority representation in parliament; each GRC candidate list must contain at least one ethnic minority candidate. These changes made it more difficult for opposition parties, all of which had very limited memberships, to fill multimember candidate lists. Nonetheless the opposition fielded candidates in 26 of the 27 constituencies in the 2011 general elections.

Although political parties were legally free to organize, they operated under the same limitations that applied to all organizations, and authorities imposed strict regulations on their constitutions, fundraising, and accountability. There were 28 registered political parties, seven of which were active. Six opposition parties contested the 2011 general elections. Political organizations are subject to strict financial regulations, including a ban on receiving foreign donations. During the year there were reports that government regulations hindered attempts by opposition parties to rent office space in government housing blocks or establish community foundations. In addition government influence extended in varying degrees to academic, community service, and other NGOs.

Participation of Women and Minorities: There is no legal bar to the participation of women in political life; women held 20 of the 87 elected parliamentary seats. During the year, six of 21 permanent secretaries were women. There was one female senior minister of state (of a total of seven) and three female ministers of state (of 15). Two of the 14 Supreme Court justices and the solicitor general were women.

There are no restrictions in law or practice against minorities voting or participating in politics; they actively participated in the political process and were well represented throughout the government, except in some sensitive military positions. Malays made up approximately 13 percent of the general population and held approximately 11 percent of elected seats in parliament. Indians made up approximately 9 percent of the general population and held approximately 14 percent of the elected seats in parliament. There were four ethnic Indian ministers and one ethnic Malay minister. Three of the 14 members of the Supreme Court were ethnic Indian; there were no Malays on the Supreme Court.

Section 4. Corruption and Lack of Transparency in Government

The law provides criminal penalties for corruption by officials, and the government generally implemented these laws effectively.

Corruption: During the year there were cases of officials charged with corruption and misconduct. Authorities charged Lim Cheng Hoe, the protocol chief for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with 60 counts of submitting false reimbursement claims amounting to S$88,897 ($71,117).

In June a court acquitted Ng Boon Gay, the director of the Central Narcotics Bureau, on all charges of corruption. Ng was arrested in 2011 and accused of accepting sexual favors in exchange for government contracts. In June a court convicted Peter Lim, the commissioner of the Civil Defense Force, of corruption involving sexual favors in exchange for government contracts. Lim was dismissed from the Civil Defense Force and was sentenced to six months in prison. The Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau, which answers directly to the prime minister, is responsible for enforcement and investigation of corruption by government officials.

Whistleblower Protection: While no law specifically protects whistleblowers, the law protects informants (so long as the court does not find the informant to have made a false complaint or acted with malice).

Financial Disclosure: Civil servants are required to make declarations of investments, properties, and indebtedness to the Public Service Division. Under the Code of Conduct for Ministers, ministers make financial disclosures to the prime minister. The salaries of senior officials are public information and political parties must report donations.

Public Access to Information: No laws specifically provide for public access to government information.

Section 5. Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights

A variety of domestic human rights groups generally operated without government restriction and these organizations investigated and published their findings on human rights cases. Government officials were somewhat cooperative and responsive to their views. Efforts by independent organizations to investigate and evaluate government human rights policies faced the same obstacles as those faced by opposition political parties. NGOs were subject to registration under the Societies Act.

The government did not prevent international human rights organizations from observing human rights-related court cases.

Some international human rights NGOs criticized the government's policies in areas such as capital punishment, migrant workers' rights, and freedom of assembly, freedom of speech, and protecting the rights of LGBT persons. The government generally ignored such criticisms or published rebuttals.

Section 6. Discrimination, Societal Abuses, and Trafficking in Persons

The constitution states that all persons are equal before the law and entitled to the equal protection of the law, and the government generally respected these provisions; there is no explicit provision granting equal rights to women and minorities. Mindful of the country's history of intercommunal tension, the government took numerous measures to provide for racial, ethnic, religious, and cultural nondiscrimination. Social, economic, and cultural benefits and facilities were available to all citizens regardless of race, religion, or gender.

Women

Rape and Domestic Violence: The government enforced the law against rape, which provides for imprisonment of up to 20 years and the possibility of caning for offenders. Under the law rape can be committed only by a man. Spousal rape is generally not a crime, but husbands who force their wives to have intercourse can be prosecuted for other offenses, such as assault. Spousal rape is a criminal offense when the couple is separated, subject to an interim divorce order that has not become final, or subject to a written separation agreement, as well as when a court has issued a protection order against the husband. In 2012 at least 20 persons were charged for rape; seven were convicted, two were acquitted, and 11 were awaiting trial. Agencies, including the Ministry of Education and the police, carried out programs aimed at preventing rape.

The law criminalizes domestic violence and intentional harassment. A victim of domestic violence can obtain court orders barring the spouse from the home until the court is satisfied that the spouse has ceased aggressive behavior. The law prescribes mandatory caning and a minimum imprisonment of two years for conviction on any charge of "outraging modesty" that caused the victim fear of death or injury. The press gave prominent coverage to instances of abuse or violence against women. Several voluntary welfare organizations provided assistance to abused women. During the year there were 3,072 applications for personal protection orders, 1,600 of which were filed by wives for protection against their husbands.

Sexual Harassment: No specific laws prohibit stalking or sexual harassment; however, the Miscellaneous Offenses Act (MOA) and laws prohibiting insults to modesty were used successfully to prosecute these offenses. Under the MOA a person who uses threatening, abusive, or insulting words or behavior can incur a fine of up to S$5,000 ($4,000). A 2008 survey by a local NGO found that 54 percent of respondents (58 percent of women and 42 percent of men) reported having experienced some form of sexual harassment at work. The Ministry of Manpower, the National Trades Union Council, and the Singapore Employers Federation jointly operated a venue for public feedback and advice on fair employment practices.

Reproductive Rights: Couples and individuals have the right to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing, and timing of their children. Contraceptive supplies and information provided by the Ministry of Health as well as public and private doctors were readily available. The national birthrate was well below replacement levels and since the mid-1980s the government has pursued policies intended to encourage higher birthrates, which provide comprehensive clinical services and a wide range of social and fiscal incentives.

Discrimination: Women enjoy the same legal rights as men, including civil liberties, employment, commercial activity, and education. They accounted for 56.9 percent of civil service employees. No laws mandate nondiscrimination in hiring practice on the basis of gender, prohibit employers from asking questions about a prospective employee's family status during a job interview, provide for flexible or part-time work schedules for employees with minor children, or establish public provision of childcare.

For the most part, Muslim marriage falls under the Administration of the Muslim Law Act, which empowers a sharia (Islamic law) court to oversee such matters. The law allows Muslim men to practice polygyny, although the Registry of Muslim Marriages, which solicits the views of an existing wife or wives and reviews the financial capability of the husband, may refuse husbands' requests to take additional spouses. As of October there were 40 applications for polygynous marriage of which 10 were approved. Polygynous marriages constituted 0.2 percent of Muslim marriages.

Both men and women have the right to initiate divorce proceedings; however, significant difficulties, including a lack of financial resources to obtain legal counsel, prevented some women from pursuing such proceedings. Men do not have the right to seek alimony from their wives in cases of divorce or separation.

In recent years women constituted approximately 55 percent of the labor force and were well represented in many professions. In June the employment rate for women between the ages of 25 and 54 was 77 percent. Women, however, held few leadership positions in the private sector. Women were overrepresented in low-wage jobs such as clerks and secretaries. In 2008 women's salaries ranged upwards from 66 percent of men's salaries, depending on the occupational grouping.

Gender-based Sex Selection: The country's sex ratio at birth was reported to be 1.07 male babies to one female baby. The country has a total fertility rate of 1.29 (the number of children per woman of childbearing age; 2.1 is replacement level), and the government has pursued a variety of policies to encourage population growth or at least maintenance. Sex-selective abortion is illegal.

Children

Birth Registration: Citizenship is derived from one's parents, and birth registration was essentially universal.

Child Abuse: The Children and Young Persons Act criminalizes mistreatment of children, including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. The government enforced the law against child abuse and provided support services for child abuse victims.

Forced and Early Marriage: The law defines minors as under age 21, and children are defined as those under 14. Individuals under 21 wishing to marry must obtain a license from the Ministry of Social and Family Development. In addition to obtaining parental consent, couples in which one person is under 18 or where both are between 18 and 21 are required to attend a marriage preparation program before they can be issued a marriage license.

Harmful Traditional Practices: A noninvasive form of female genital mutilation/cutting is prevalent among a small portion of the Muslim population. Normally involving nicking the prepuce, the procedure is performed by female doctors at Muslim clinics, usually on female infants or prepubescent girls.

Sexual Exploitation of Children: Some child sex trafficking occurred. As of October, 30 persons were prosecuted for crimes relating to commercial sexual exploitation of persons under 18; 41 persons were convicted for crimes relating to commercial sexual exploitation of persons under 18 (some of these were charged in 2012); and five persons were pending court proceedings at year's end. One recent high-profile case involved 51 men charged with having paid sex with the same minor in an online sex-ring case. In 2012, 15 of the men were convicted and received sentences from nine to 12 weeks in prison. During the year an additional six men were sentenced to from nine to 12 weeks in prison, and some were also fined. In January the panderer was sentenced to 58 months in prison and fined S$90,000 ($72,000). The cases against the other 30 men were pending at the year's end.

The age of consent for noncommercial sex is 16. Sexual intercourse with a person under 16 is punishable by up to 10 years in prison, a fine, or both. Most individuals convicted of pedophilia were sentenced to several weeks to several months in jail. Authorities may detain persons under 18 who are believed to be engaged in prostitution (such persons are not prosecuted) as well as prosecute those who organize or profit from prostitution, bring women or girls to the country for prostitution, or coerce or deceive women or girls into prostitution. The law is ambiguous regarding employment of persons ages 16 to 18 in the production of pornography.

Institutionalized Children: The Children and Young Persons Act created a juvenile court system and established protective services for children orphaned, abused, "troubled," or with disabilities. The Ministry of Social and Family Development worked closely with the National Council for Social Services to oversee children's welfare cases. Voluntary organizations operated most of the homes for children, while the government funded a substantial portion of living expenses, overhead, special schooling, health care, and supervisory needs.

International Child Abductions: The country is a party to the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. For country-specific information see the Department of State's report at http://www.travel.state.gov/abduction/country/country_5922.html.

Anti-Semitism

There were approximately 800 to 1,000 members of the Jewish community. There were no reports of anti-Semitic acts, and synagogues held regular Sabbath services.

Trafficking in Persons

See the Department of State's Trafficking in Persons Report.

Persons with Disabilities

The Ministry of Social and Family Development is responsible for protecting the rights of persons with disabilities. There was no comprehensive legislation addressing equal opportunities for persons with disabilities in education or employment. Ministry of Social and Family Development's enabling master plan for 2012-2016 outlined a five-year policy roadmap for the programs and services in the disability sector.

Electoral law allows voters who, due to blindness or other physical cause, are unable to vote in the manner described by law to receive assistance to mark and cast their ballots.

The government maintained a comprehensive code on barrier-free accessibility; it established standards for facilities for persons with physical disabilities in all new buildings and mandated the progressive upgrading of older structures. The National Council of Social Services, in conjunction with various voluntary associations, provided an extensive job training and placement program for persons with disabilities. A tax deduction of up to S$100,000 ($80,000) was available to employers to defray the expense of building modifications to accommodate employees with disabilities. The government also provides a tax deduction of up to S$11,000 ($8,800) for families caring for a sibling, spouse, or child with a disability. The country allows guide dogs for the blind (but not for other service animals) into public places and on trains, but the laws do not cover buses and taxis. Public trains were 100 percent wheelchair accessible as were 65.3 percent of public buses.

Informal provisions permit university matriculation for those with visual or hearing impairments or other physical disabilities. Approximately 12,000 children with disabilities attended mainstream schools in 2012. There were 20 special education schools that enrolled 5,195 students. All primary and secondary schools were equipped with basic accessibility facilities, such as accessible toilets and first-level wheelchair ramps. Approximately 27 percent of all primary and 19 percent of secondary schools were equipped with facilities to address access for persons with disabilities.

The government provided funds for two distinct types of early education programs for children with disabilities. The Early Intervention Program for Infants and Children (EIPIC) provided educational and therapy services for children up to age six who have disabilities. There were 1,104 children enrolled in childcare centers fully or partially funded by the government.

National/Racial/Ethnic Minorities

Ethnic Malays constituted approximately 13 percent of the population. The constitution acknowledges them as the indigenous people of the country and charges the government to support and promote their political, educational, religious, economic, social, cultural, and language interests. Although the government took steps to encourage greater educational achievement among Malay students, ethnic Malays have not reached the educational or socioeconomic levels achieved by the ethnic Chinese majority, the ethnic Indian minority, or the Eurasian community. Malays remained underrepresented at senior corporate levels and, some asserted, in certain sectors of the government and the military. This reflected their historically lower educational and economic levels, but some argued that it also was a result of employment discrimination. Some ethnic Indians also reported that discrimination limited their employment and promotion opportunities. Government guidelines called for eliminating language referring to age, gender, or ethnicity in employment advertisements, although restrictive language pertinent to job requirements, such as "Chinese speaker," remained acceptable. These guidelines were generally followed.

The Presidential Council on Minority Rights examined all pending bills to ensure that they were not disadvantageous to a particular group. It also reported to the government on matters that affected any racial or religious community.

Government policy enforced ethnic ratios, applicable for all ethnic groups, for publicly subsidized housing.

Societal Abuses, Discrimination, and Acts of Violence Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

Section 377a of the Penal Code criminalizes and punishes male-to-male sexual relations as follows: "Any male person who, in public or private, commits, or abets the commission of, or procures or attempts to procure the commission by any male person of, any act of gross indecency with another male person, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years."

After the failure of a 2007 attempt to repeal Section 377a, Prime Minister Lee stated that authorities would not actively enforce the statute.

During the year Justice Quentin Loh of the High Court issued rulings on two challenges to Section 377a. One case was brought by a gay couple in November 2012, the other stemmed from the arrest of two men in 2010 for committing "an act of gross indecency in a public space." Justice Loh upheld Section 377a as constitutional, reasoning that since the law is not enforced, there is no need to overturn the legislation; and second, because it was not proven that people are born homosexuals, then Section 377a cannot infringe upon an individual's "born" or constitutional rights.

The law does not criminalize female-to-female sexual relations.

No laws explicitly provide for the protection of the LGBT community from discrimination based on sexual orientation. Gay couples are prevented from purchasing government housing reserved for married couples until age 35, when such housing is available to single persons.

The LGBT community is not barred from military service, but LGBT military personnel are classified by sexual orientation and evaluated on a scale of effeminacy. LGBT citizens are allowed to become government workers, but must declare their sexual orientation on job applications. Changing of gender on official documents is allowed only through sex reassignments. Media censorship perpetuates negative stereotypes of LGBT individuals by restricting portrayals of LGBT life. The MDA continued to censor films and television shows with LGBT themes. According to the MDA website, the broadcast of LGBT themes on television is allowed "as long as the presentation does not justify, promote, or glamorize such a lifestyle."

Other Societal Violence or Discrimination

Some individuals with HIV/AIDS claimed that they were socially marginalized and faced employment discrimination if they revealed their condition. The government discouraged discrimination, supported initiatives that countered misperceptions about HIV/AIDS, and publicly praised employers that welcomed workers with HIV/AIDS.

Section 7. Worker Rights

a. Freedom of Association and the Right to Collective Bargaining

The constitution and law, including regulations and statutory instruments, protect the right to form associations, including trade unions. Workers have the legal right to strike. Collective bargaining was a normal part of labor-management relations in the industrial sector and is provided for in the Industrial Relations Act.

Parliament may impose restrictions on the right of association based on security, public order, or morality grounds. The Societies Act and labor and education laws and regulations restricted the right of association. These laws require any group of 10 or more persons to register with the government. The Trade Unions Act authorizes the formation of unions with broad rights but restricts organization of uniformed personnel or government employees. The Amalgamated Union of Public Employees and 15 other public unions were declared exempt from these provisions, and their scope of representation expanded to cover all public sector employees except the most senior civil servants. The government also has broad powers to refuse to register a union, cancel a union's registration, and approve a new union's rules or changes to an existing union's rules. As of October, 648,514 employees were members of registered trade unions.

The Trade Unions Act restricts the right of trade unions to elect their officers and to choose whom they may employ. Foreigners and those with criminal convictions may not hold union office or become employees of unions, but the minister of manpower may grant exemptions. The Trade Unions Act limits the objectives for which unions can spend their funds and prohibits payments to political parties or the use of funds for political purposes.

Almost all unions were affiliated with the National Trade Union Congress (NTUC), an umbrella organization with a close relationship with the government and the ruling PAP and bolstered by the dual roles of Lim Swee Say as both NTUC secretary general and cabinet minister. NTUC policy prohibited union members who supported opposition parties from holding office in affiliated unions. While the NTUC was financially independent of the PAP, the two shared a common ideology and worked closely with management in support of nonconfrontational labor relations.

The NTUC was free to associate regionally and internationally.

Workers in "essential services" are required to give 14 days' notice to an employer before striking, and there is a prohibition on strikes by workers in the water, gas, and electricity sectors. No specific laws prohibit retaliation against strikers. The law provides that, before striking, more than 50 percent of affected unionized workers must vote in favor of the strike by secret ballot, as opposed to the more common practice of 51 percent of those participating in the vote.

In November 2012, 199 nationals of the People's Republic of China working as public bus drivers went on strike. They reportedly were protesting their living conditions and the fact that they were paid at a lower rate than Malaysians and Singaporeans who also worked as drivers for the rapid transit system. The authorities regarded the action as an "illegal strike" because public transport is an "essential service" and the strikers had not provided the required 14 days' notice. Five of the strikers were detained and in December 2012 one striker, Bao Feng Shan, was sentenced to six weeks in prison for involvement in an illegal strike. A total of 29 bus drivers were deported for their participation in the strike. Three of the alleged ringleaders were fired by the bus company because they breached their contracts by failing to show up to work after being released on bail. This was the country's first strike in 26 years.

Most labor disagreements were resolved through conciliation by the Ministry of Manpower. If conciliation failed, the disputing parties usually submitted their case to the tripartite Industrial Arbitration Court (IAC), which was composed of employee and management representatives and chaired by a judge. In some situations the law provides for compulsory arbitration. The IAC must certify collective agreements before they go into effect. The IAC may refuse certification at its discretion on the ground of public interest.

Collective bargaining was a normal part of labor-management relations in all sectors. Because almost all unions were affiliated with the NTUC, it has almost exclusive authority to exercise collective bargaining power. Union members may not reject collective agreements negotiated between their union representatives and an employer. Although transfers and layoffs are excluded from the scope of collective bargaining, employers consulted with unions on both problems, and the Tripartite Panel on Retrenched Workers issued guidelines calling for early notification to unions of layoffs.

b. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor

The law prohibits forced or compulsory labor, including by children. There were reports of practices indicative of forced labor, including reports of forced labor on long-haul fishing boats and reports of employers holding the passports of foreign workers. Low-wage and unskilled occupations such as foreign domestic workers (FDWs) and construction workers were prone to labor exploitation. The Ministry of Manpower, as part of the Interagency Trafficking in Persons Taskforce, is responsible for combating labor trafficking and improving labor conditions for workers. There were approximately 2,900 workplace safety and health officers working for the Ministry of Manpower.

Also see the Department of State's Trafficking in Persons Report.

c. Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment

The government enforced the Employment Act, which prohibits employment of children under the age of 13. Restrictions on the employment of children between the ages of 13 and 16 are rigorous and were fully enforced. Children under age 15 generally are prohibited from employment in the industrial sector. Exceptions include family enterprises; children may work in a business in which only members of the same family are employed. A child who is 13 years of age or older may be employed in light work in a nonindustrial undertaking, subject to medical clearance. Employers must notify the commissioner of labor within 30 days of hiring a child between the ages of 15 and 16 and attach a medical certification of the child's fitness for employment. The incidence of children in permanent employment was low, and abuses were almost nonexistent.

Ministry of Manpower regulations prohibit night employment of children and restrict industrial work for children between the ages of 15 and 16 to no more than seven hours a day, including the hours spent in school. Children may not work on commercial vessels, with moving machinery, on live electrical apparatus lacking effective insulation, or in any underground job. The minister of manpower effectively enforced these laws and regulations.

Ambiguities in the law raise questions about the extent of protections for children ages 16 to 18 (see section 6, Children).

d. Acceptable Conditions of Work

There are no laws or regulations on minimum wages or unemployment compensation. Agreements between management and labor were renewed every two to three years, although wage increases were negotiated annually. The National Wages Council, composed of labor, management, and government representatives, issued yearly guidelines on raises and bonus pay that served as the starting point for bargaining agreements. In 2012 the National Wages Council recommended that persons who make below S$1,000 ($800) per month obtain a S$50 ($40) per month increase. Subject to negotiation in each enterprise, up to 10 percent of salaries were considered "variable" each month, allowing companies to eliminate that portion of pay if there were financial problems. The labor market generally offered citizens and permanent residents good working conditions and relatively high wages that provided a decent standard of living for a worker and family. In 2011 the average salary was S$52,000 ($41,600).

The Employment Act sets the standard legal workweek at 44 hours and provides for one rest day each week. For employees covered by the Employment Act, the overtime rate is at least 1.5 times the basic hourly rate of pay. The law permits an employee to work up to a limit of 72 hours of overtime in a month. It requires employers that require their employees to work more than 72 hours of overtime a month to apply for an overtime exception from the Ministry of Manpower. The act neither covers managerial or executive positions nor includes FDWs.

In 2012 the Ministry of Manpower imposed a mandate effective January 2013 requiring one rest day each week or compensation for FDWs. The government provided pamphlets informing employers and employees of the new law. The government enforced this new law, and penalties include a fine of up to S$5,000 ($4,000) or six months of jail time.

The Ministry of Manpower effectively enforced laws and regulations establishing working conditions and comprehensive occupational safety and health laws. The ministry implemented enforcement procedures and promoted educational and training programs to reduce the frequency of job-related accidents. The ministry had an enhanced factory registration scheme for some 8,000 higher-risk factories. The scheme strengthens the requirements for implementation of risk management and safety and health management system in these higher-risk factories, including construction worksites, shipyards, metalworking factories, and petrochemical plants. As of November 2012, there were 56 work-related fatalities and more than 10,000 work-related injuries, of which 519 were serious.

During the summer haze that covered much of Southeast Asia, the government recommended not working outside; however, it was up to individual company's discretion to stop work. The government provided masks to those who could not afford them or to those who would be at greater risk. There were reports of companies not paying workers during the stop work period and of firing workers.

Despite recent Ministry of Manpower efforts to decrease the number of foreign workers, the numbers of foreign work permits, including for FDWs, continued to increase. As of June there were 1.23 million foreign workers; most foreign workers were unskilled laborers and FDWs from other Asian countries.

There were no reliable estimates of the number of foreigners working illegally. Although substantial numbers of foreign workers held white-collar jobs, foreign workers were generally concentrated in low-wage, low-skill jobs and were often required to work long hours. The law requires employers to provide their workers with a minimum standard of housing. Although the great majority of the approximately 200,000 FDWs (mainly from the Philippines and Indonesia) worked under clearly outlined contracts and reported no complaints against their employers or employment agencies, there were regular reports of employers arrested for abuse or mistreatment of their household workers. Additionally, there were reports of the illegal practice of contract substitution where the initial terms agreed upon were significantly changed upon the FDW's arrival. The authorities fined or imprisoned employers who abused maids. Pregnancy is a breach of the standard work permit conditions for FDWs, and the government may cancel work permits and require repatriation of FDWs who become pregnant.

The Employment of Foreign Manpower Act protects foreign workers and allows them to file grievances through the Ministry of Manpower. In September, Parliament approved amendments to the Employment of Foreign Manpower Act which created new administrative penalties, strengthened current penalties, and increased the investigative powers of the government. The amendment specifically outlaws employee kickbacks and forged documents as criminal offenses. Another significant change to prevent the abuse of foreign workers implements a S$10,000 ($8,000) fine against employers who do not provide an In Principal Approval letter (the contract) to workers in their native language before they arrive in Singapore and provides penalties against employers who try to recover hiring costs from their workers.

The NTUC reported that it advocated for the rights of all migrant work-permit holders through its Migrant Workers' Forum. In addition the Ministry of Manpower offered conciliation services for all employees, foreign or local. The Labor Relations and Workplaces Division of the ministry provided free advisory and mediation services to foreign workers experiencing problems with employers. The Foreign Manpower Management Division assisted foreign household workers. The government allowed complainants to seek legal redress and operated a hotline for maids. During the year the hotline received 3,086 calls, 96 percent of which were general inquiries. In August the Ministry of Manpower published a list of employers convicted of violating the Employment Act since 2010. The list showed that some 48 companies were convicted of offenses that ranged from failure to pay employees to not providing employment terms and benefits in accordance with the Employment Act. During the year the Ministry of Manpower reported 142 salary claims from FDWs.

The law caps the fees payable by FDWs to employment agencies in the country at one month's salary per year of the employment contract. Observers believed the law effectively eliminated concerns about FDWs falling into debt bondage, although unscrupulous agencies in sending countries could still charge exorbitant fees.