2002 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Lesotho
Publisher | United States Department of Labor |
Author | Bureau of International Labor Affairs |
Publication Date | 18 April 2003 |
Cite as | United States Department of Labor, 2002 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Lesotho, 18 April 2003, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/48d7489bc.html [accessed 31 May 2023] |
Disclaimer | This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States. |
Government Policies and Programs to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labor
The Government of Lesotho has established a National Child Labor Support Group that includes representatives from the Ministries of Labor, Education, Social Welfare, and Youth Affairs, plus traditional rulers, organized labor, NGOs and UNICEF. The group is developing an action plan to address child labor.2109 In 2000, the government collaborated with UNICEF to conduct a multisectoral assessment on child labor.2110
In 2000, the Government of Lesotho began instituting a free primary education system, through which the government covers the cost of fees, books and one meal per day, and includes the first and second grades.2111 In addition, a primary school education plan developed by the Ministry of Education provides for the prosecution of parents if children are not sent to school.2112 The government is collaborating with UNICEF on several educational initiatives including non-formal education, early childhood education and primary education.2113
Incidence and Nature of Child Labor
In 2000, the ILO estimated that 20.7 percent of children ages 10 to 14 years in Lesotho were working.2114 Boys as young as 6 years old are employed in hazardous conditions as livestock herders in the Lesotho highlands, either for their family or through an arrangement where parents hire out their sons.2115 Child homelessness is an increasing problem due to factors such as poverty and the loss of children's parents to HIV/AIDS.2116 This leads more children to live on the streets where some are reported to find work as prostitutes.2117 Children also work as domestics, car washers, taxi fare collectors, and vendors.2118
Education is free but not compulsory in Lesotho.2119 In 1998, the gross primary enrollment rate was 101.6 percent, and the net primary enrollment rate was 60 percent.2120 Girls' net primary enrollment rate fell 18 percent between 1990 and 1997 due to poverty and the impact of the HIV/ AIDS pandemic.2121 Enrollment figures improved in 2000 as the free primary education program began, but the quality of education continues to be a serious problem.2122 Rural children often work to support the family, and poverty makes school fees unaffordable.2123 The problem of school absenteeism affects boys disproportionately, as livestock herding is considered a cultural prerequisite to manhood.2124 Primary school attendance rates are unavailable for Lesotho. While enrollment rates indicate a level of commitment to education, they do not always reflect children's participation in school.2125 In 1996, the expenditure on primary education per student as a percent of GDP per capita was 18.1 percent.2126
Child Labor Laws and Enforcement
The Labor Code of 1992 establishes 15 years as the minimum age for employment,2127 although children between 13 and 15 may perform light work in a technical school or approved institution.2128 The Labor Code establishes 18 as the minimum age for hazardous work, and generally prohibits employment of children in work that is harmful to their health or development.2129 There are no specific laws prohibiting trafficking in persons, but Proclamation No. 14 of 1949 imposes penalties for the procurement of women or girls for purposes of prostitution.2130
The Ministry of Labor and Employment's Inspectorate has weakly enforced statutory child labor prohibitions in the past, but in 2001 it was adequately staffed and its inspectors conducted quarterly inspections.2131
The Government of Lesotho ratified ILO Convention 138 and ILO Convention 182 on June 14, 2001.2132
2109 U.S. Embassy – Johannesburg, unclassified telegram no. 1406, November 2001.
2110 Ibid. See also UNICEF, Schooling Seen as Solution to Child Labor, [online] September 3, 1999 [cited August 30, 2002]; available from http://www.unicefusa.org/trafficking/release_090399.html.
2111 The program was expected to include the third grade by 2002, but information to confirm this was not available. U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2001: Lesotho, Washington, D.C., March 4, 2002, 389-90, Section 5 [cited August 30, 2002]; available from http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/af/8387.htm.
2112 U.S. Embassy – Maseru, unclassified telegram no. 422, June 2000.
2113 Ibid.
2114 World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002 [CD-ROM], Washington, D.C., 2002. UNICEF estimated in 2000 that 25 percent of children aged 5-14 years were working. See also UNICEF, UNICEF Statistics: Child Work, [online] [cited August 30, 2002]; available from http://childinfo.org/eddb/work/database.htm.
2115 U.S. Department of State, Country Reports – 2001: Lesotho, 389-90, Section 5. See also Todd Bensman, "Thousands Sold into Servitude in Lesotho as 'Herder Boys'," Pew International Journalism Program Stories 1998, [cited August 30, 2002]; available from http://www.pewfellowships.org/stories/lesotho.herder_boys.html.
2116 U.S. Department of State, Country Reports – 2001: Lesotho, 389-90, Section 5. For more information on the effect of HIV/AIDS on families and children, see U.S. Embassy – Johannesburg, unclassified telegram no. 1406.
2117 U.S. Department of State, Country Reports – 2001: Lesotho, 389-90, Section 5.
2118 Allegations of child labor in the textile and garment sectors have been investigated by the ILO, UNICEF, and the
Labor Commission and have not been verified. See Ibid., 390-93, Section 6d.
2119 U.S. Embassy – Maseru, unclassified telegram no. 422.
2120 World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002.
2121 Ibid. See also UNICEF, Girls' Education in Lesotho, [online] 2002 [cited August 30, 2002]; available from http://www.unicef.org/programme/girlseducation/action/cases/lesotho.htm.
2122 U.S. Embassy – Johannesburg, unclassified telegram no. 1406.
2123 U.S. Department of State, Country Reports – 2001: Lesotho, 389-90, Section 5.
2124 Ibid.
2125 For a more detailed discussion on the relationship between education statistics and work, see the preface to this report.
2126 World Bank, World Development Indicators 2002.
2127 U.S. Department of State, Country Reports – 2001: Lesotho, Section 6d. See also Economic Research Institute, Lesotho-Compensation and Benefit Legislation, in Human Resources Codes and Laws, [database online] [cited August
30, 2002]; available from http://www.erieri.com/freedata/hrcodes/LESOTHO.htm.
2128 Lesotho Labour Code Order, 1992, Part IX, Article 124.
2129 U.S. Department of State, Country Reports – 2001: Lesotho, Section 6d.
2130 U.S. Department of State, Country Reports – 2001: Lesotho, 390-93, Section 6f. See also UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Office and African Network for the Prevention and Protection of Children against Child Sexual Abuse and Neglect, "Lesotho," in Partnership Project on Sexual Exploitation and Children's Rights: Analysis of the Situation of Sexual Exploitation of Children in the Eastern and Southern Africa Region: Draft Consultancy Report, Nairobi, 2001, [cited August 30, 2002]; available from http://www.unicef.org/events/yokohama/csec-east-southernafrica-draft.html.
2131 U.S. Department of State, Country Reports – 2001: Lesotho, 390-93, Section 6d. See also U.S. Embassy-Johannesburg, unclassified telegram no. 1406.
2132 ILO, Ratifications by Country, in ILOLEX, [database online] [cited August 30, 2002]; available from http://ilolex.ilo.ch:1567/english/newratframeE.htm.