Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights
The Court, based in Strasbourg, was set up as a result of the European Convention on Human Rights, created in 1950. This set out a catalogue of civil and political rights and freedoms. It allows people to lodge complaints against States which have signed up to the Convention for alleged violations of those rights. Although founded in 1950, the Court did not actually come into existence until 1959. It gained its present form as a single European Court of Human Rights when Protocol No. 11 to the ECHR took effect in 1998.
The Court is currently made up of 47 judges, one in principle for every State signed up to the Convention. They are elected by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and serve for six years. Judges sit on the Court as individuals and do not represent their country. Website: www.echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=home
The Court is currently made up of 47 judges, one in principle for every State signed up to the Convention. They are elected by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and serve for six years. Judges sit on the Court as individuals and do not represent their country. Website: www.echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=home
- Afghanistan 41
- Albania 10
- Algeria 32
- Angola 3
- Armenia 13
- Austria 44
- Azerbaijan 20
- Bangladesh 6
- Belarus 11
- Belgium 42
- Bhutan 1
- Bosnia and Herzegovina 24
- Brazil 2
- Bulgaria 31
- Burundi 3
- Cameroon 3
- Canada 1
- Cape Verde 1
- Chad 1
- Chile 4
- China 4
- Colombia 1
- Congo, Democratic Republic of the 14
- Congo, Republic of the 1
- Côte d'Ivoire 4
- Croatia 30
- Cyprus 21
- Czech Republic 10
- Denmark 19
- Djibouti 2
- Dominican Republic 2
- Ecuador 1
- Egypt 9
- El Salvador 1
- Eritrea 14
- Estonia 4
- Ethiopia 9
- Finland 12
- France 104
- Gambia 3
- Georgia 19
- Germany 29
- Ghana 6
- Greece 82
- Guinea 6
- Guyana 1
- Hungary 22
- India 4
- Indonesia 2
- Iran, Islamic Republic of 50
- Iraq 42
- Ireland 10
- Israel 3
- Italy 58
- Jamaica 2
- Jordan 5
- Kazakhstan 9
- Kenya 2
- Kuwait 3
- Kyrgyzstan 13
- Latvia 18
- Lebanon 8
- Libya 8
- Lithuania 9
- Malawi 1
- Mali 2
- Malta 10
- Mauritania 3
- Moldova, Republic of 13
- Montenegro 6
- Morocco 24
- Nepal 1
- Netherlands 75
- Netherlands Antilles 2
- New Zealand 1
- Nigeria 19
- North Macedonia 10
- Norway 9
- Pakistan 8
- Palestine, State of 14
- Peru 2
- Poland 17
- Portugal 4
- Romania 32
- Russian Federation 210
- Rwanda 1
- Saint Kitts and Nevis 1
- Saudi Arabia 1
- Serbia 27
- Sierra Leone 4
- Slovakia 12
- Slovenia 5
- Somalia 35
- South Sudan 1
- Spain 15
- Sri Lanka 20
- Sudan 11
- Suriname 1
- Sweden 70
- Switzerland 36
- Syrian Arab Republic 32
- Tajikistan 13
- Tanzania, United Republic of 2
- Togo 6
- Tunisia 33
- Türkiye 189
- Turkmenistan 6
- Uganda 5
- Ukraine 28
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 119
- United States of America 7
- Uzbekistan 44
- Viet Nam 2
- Yemen 1
- Zambia 1
- Zimbabwe 1
- Abduction 19
- Access to procedures 28
- Acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations 1
- Acts of persecution 1
- Administrative courts 4
- Adoption 3
- Age discrimination 1
- Airports 4
- Alevis 1
- Aliens 1
- Anti-terrorism law 7
- Appeal / Right to appeal 11
- Arbitrary arrest and detention 88
- Armed forces / Military 11
- Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements 48
- Armenian 1
- Asylum policy 2
- Asylum-seekers 24
- Azeri 1
- Bail 1
- Belarusians 2
- Birth Certificates 1
- Blood feuds 1
- Border controls 1
- Burden of proof 3
- Burden-sharing and international co-operation 3
- Changes of circumstances in home country 1
- Chechen 42
- Children's rights 22
- Children-at-risk 12
- Chinese 1
- Christian 10
- Citizenship / Nationality law 13
- Civil and political rights 12
- Civil war 1
- Climate change (including environmental migrants) 2
- Combatants / Former combatants 6
- Communal conflict / Social conflict 1
- Complementary forms of protection 7
- Conflict situation 3
- Contemporary forms of slavery 3
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 1
- Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 2
- Copts 1
- Country of origin information (COI) 35
- Credibility assessment 13
- Crime prevention 5
- Criminal justice 128
- Darfuri 1
- Death penalty 7
- Decision on admissibility 93
- Denial of nationality 10
- Denial of refugee status 2
- Deportation / Forcible return 170
- Derivative status 1
- Diplomatic assurances 17
- Disappeared persons 30
- Discrimination based on race, nationality, ethnicity 28
- Domestic violence 6
- Drug trafficking 3
- EU Qualification Directive 2
- Economic, social and cultural rights 3
- Effective protection 3
- Effective remedy 168
- Election law 1
- Elections 7
- Entry / Exit 2
- Equal opportunities 2
- Equality before the law 2
- Eritreans 1
- Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) 25
- Exclusion clauses 2
- Exhaustion of domestic remedies 24
- Expedited procedures 1
- Expulsion 154
- Extradition 77
- Extrajudicial executions 9
- False documents 2
- Falun Gong 1
- Family law 3
- Family reunification 42
- Female genital mutilation (FGM) 5
- Flight by land, air or sea 2
- Forced labour 4
- Forced marriage 5
- Forced sterilization / Abortion 1
- Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment 370
- Freedom of assembly and association 21
- Freedom of conscience 16
- Freedom of expression 36
- Freedom of information 2
- Freedom of movement 8
- Freedom of religion 27
- Freedom of speech 8
- Gang related violence 1
- Gender discrimination 6
- Gender-based persecution 2
- Generalized violence 1
- Genocide 1
- Grounds for persecution 1
- HIV and AIDS 18
- Habeas corpus 10
- Habitual residence 3
- Hare Krishna 1
- Hazara 1
- Hindu 1
- Honour killings 3
- Housing, land and property rights (HLP) 31
- Human rights activists 5
- Human rights and fundamental freedoms 21
- Human rights courts 8
- Human rights law 11
- Human rights monitors 2
- Humanitarian protection (including tolerated stay) 1
- Illegal entry 12
- Illegal immigrants / Undocumented migrants 5
- Illegitimate children 1
- Immigration Detention 135
- Immigration law 19
- Independence of judiciary 4
- Ingush 2
- Internal armed conflict 6
- Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) 19
- Internally displaced persons (IDPs) 6
- International armed conflict 3
- International criminal law 1
- International humanitarian law (IHL) / Geneva Conventions 2
- International protection 2
- Involuntary repatriation 1
- Jehovah's Witness 11
- Jew 2
- Jurisdiction 10
- Kosovar 2
- Kurd 11
- Laws relating to religion 1
- Legal representation / Legal aid 18
- Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) 30
- Mandate status 1
- Manifestly unfounded / Clearly abusive claims 1
- Maternal and child health care 1
- Mental health 23
- Mentally disadvantaged persons 1
- Mercenaries 1
- Migrants 2
- Military courts 3
- Military law 1
- Military operations 2
- Military service / Conscientious objection / Desertion / Draft evasion / Forced conscription 20
- Minorities 3
- Minority rights 3
- Multiple nationality 2
- Muslim 5
- National security / Public order 16
- Naturalization 7
- Nepalis 1
- Non-refoulement 35
- Non-self-governing territories 3
- Non-state agents of persecution 4
- Opposition 9
- Palestinian 4
- Passports 6
- Persecution based on class/wealth/occupation 2
- Persecution based on political opinion 47
- Persecution of family members 8
- Persecution on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity 5
- Persons with disabilities 6
- Physical harm 4
- Police 11
- Political asylum 2
- Political groups 7
- Political parties 15
- Political situation 4
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 6
- Pre-entry procedures 1
- Pre-trial detention 38
- Prevention of discrimination 10
- Prison or detention conditions 104
- Proof of nationality 6
- Property restitution 4
- Prosecution vs persecution 9
- Prostitution / Commercial sex work 1
- Protestant 1
- Protests / Demonstrations / Riots / Civil unrest 1
- Public health 26
- Racial / Ethnic persecution 8
- Racism / Xenophobia / Hate Crimes 1
- Re-entry 1
- Reception 9
- Refoulement 20
- Refugee / Asylum law 6
- Refugee camps 1
- Refugee status determination (RSD) / Asylum procedures 13
- Refugees 23
- Regional instruments 31
- Registration 9
- Rejected asylum-seekers 34
- Rejection at border 9
- Religious discrimination 15
- Religious persecution (including forced conversion) 17
- Rescue at sea / Interception at sea 2
- Residence permits / Residency 45
- Return conditions 2
- Returnees 1
- Right to a nationality 2
- Right to education 13
- Right to employment 4
- Right to family life 209
- Right to health 10
- Right to justice 46
- Right to liberty and security 154
- Right to life 90
- Rights of non-citizens 24
- Roma 25
- Romanians 2
- Rule of law / Due process / Procedural fairness 47
- Sabean Mandean 2
- Safe country of origin 1
- Safe third country 17
- Saharawis 1
- Security forces 6
- Security situation 9
- Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) 9
- Sexual and reproductive rights 11
- Sharia law 2
- Sikh 2
- Single heads of household 1
- Single procedure 6
- Smuggling of persons 1
- Social group discrimination 4
- Social group persecution 4
- Standard of proof 1
- State of emergency 1
- State protection 6
- Statelessness 42
- Sunni 2
- Sur place persecution 1
- Survivors of trafficking / Persons at risk of trafficking 4
- Suspensive effect 14
- Tajik 1
- Tamil 9
- Temporary admission 2
- Temporary protection 1
- Terrorism 66
- Threats / Intimidation 4
- Torture 10
- Trafficking in persons 12
- Transit 4
- Transitional justice (including amnesty laws) 1
- Travel documents 6
- Treaties / Agreements / Charters / Protocols / Conventions / Declarations 5
- Turkmen 1
- Tutsis 1
- UNHCR mandate 1
- Uighur 3
- Ukrainians 1
- Unaccompanied / Separated children 11
- Unification Church 1
- Unlawful departure 2
- Uzbek 11
- Visas 13
- Voluntary repatriation 1
- War crimes 4
- Well-founded fear of persecution 4
- Withdrawal of nationality 6
- Witnesses 6
- Women's rights 3
- Women-at-risk 6
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