Adjudication of asylum claims (refugee status determination / asylum procedures) / Persecution based on political opinion

Article 9(3) of Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protection granted is to be interpreted as meaning that there must always be a causal link between the reasons for persecution in Article 10(1) and the acts of persecution defined in Article 9(1), including in cases where an applicant for international protection seeks to rely on Article 9(2)(e) of that directive. – Where an applicant for asylum seeks to invoke Article 9(2)(e) of Directive 2011/95 as the act of persecution, reliance upon that provision does not automatically establish that the person concerned has a well-founded fear of persecution because he holds a political opinion within the meaning of Article 10(1)(e) thereof. It is for the competent national authorities, acting under the supervision of the courts, to establish whether there is a causal link for the purposes of that directive. In conducting that assessment the following factors may be relevant: whether the applicant’s home country is conducting a war; the nature and methods employed by the military authorities in such a war; the availability of country reports documenting matters such as whether recruitment for military service is by conscription; whether the status of conscientious objector is recognised under national law and, if so, the procedures for establishing such status; the treatment of those subject to conscription who refuse to perform military service; the existence or absence of alternatives to military service; and the applicant’s personal circumstances, including his age.

28 May 2020 | Judicial Body: European Union: Court of Justice of the European Union | Document type: Case Law | Legal Instrument: 2004 Qualification Directive (EU) | Topic(s): EU Qualification Directive - Military service / Conscientious objection / Desertion / Draft evasion / Forced conscription - Persecution based on political opinion | Countries: Germany - Syrian Arab Republic

28 June 2017 | Judicial Body: Germany: Verwaltungsgericht | Document type: Case Law | Legal Instrument: 1951 Refugee Convention | Topic(s): Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment - Military service / Conscientious objection / Desertion / Draft evasion / Forced conscription - Palestinian - Persecution based on political opinion - Refugee status determination (RSD) / Asylum procedures - Torture | Countries: Germany - Palestine, State of

21 August 2013 | Publisher: Reporters Without Borders | Document type: Country News

21 August 2013 | Publisher: Reporters Without Borders | Document type: Country News

18 April 2011 | Publisher: Freedom House | Document type: Annual Reports

Translator's Note: The Federal Administrative Court, or Bundesverwaltungsgericht, is the Federal Republic of Germany's supreme administrative court. This unofficial translation is provided for the reader's convenience and has not been officially authorised by the Bundesverwaltungsgericht. Page numbers in citations of international texts have been retained from the original and may not match the pagination in the parallel English versions.

24 February 2011 | Judicial Body: Germany: Bundesverwaltungsgericht | Document type: Case Law | Topic(s): Cessation clauses - Changes of circumstances in home country - Complementary forms of protection - Persecution based on political opinion - Persecution of family members - Well-founded fear of persecution | Countries: Germany - Iraq

The case summary in English has been prepared in the framework of the Knowledge-Based Harmonisation of European Asylum Practices Project (2010-2012), co-financed by the European Refugee Fund.

6 January 2011 | Judicial Body: Germany: Verwaltungsgericht | Document type: Case Law | Countries: Germany - Guinea