United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

The Court held that once the authorities had become aware of a credible suspicion that an individual had been trafficked, he or she should be assessed by a qualified person. Any decision to prosecute should follow such an assessment, and while the decision would not necessarily be binding on a prosecutor, the prosecutor would need to have clear reasons for reaching a different conclusion. In the case of both V.C.L. and A.N., the Court found that despite the existence of credible suspicion that they had been trafficked, neither the police nor the prosecution service had referred them to a competent authority for assessment; although both cases were subsequently reviewed by the prosecution service, it disagreed with the conclusion of the competent authority without giving clear reasons capable of undermining the competent authority’s conclusions; and the Court of Appeal limited itself to addressing whether the decision to prosecute had been an abuse of process. The Court therefore found that there had been a violation of Article 4 in both applicants’ cases. The Court found that, although the authorities had made some accommodations to the applicants after their guilty verdicts, the lack of any assessment of whether the applicants had been victims of trafficking may have prevented them from securing important evidence capable of helping their defence. As such the proceedings had not been fair, leading to a violation of Article 6 § 1.

16 February 2021 | Judicial Body: Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights | Document type: Case Law | Legal Instrument: 1950 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) | Topic(s): Survivors of trafficking / Persons at risk of trafficking - Trafficking in persons | Countries: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - Viet Nam

2 February 2017 | Publisher: United Kingdom: Home Office | Document type: Policy/Position Papers

22 December 2016 | Publisher: UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) | Document type: Country Profiles

4 November 2016 | Publisher: Council of Europe: Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings | Document type: Resolutions/Recommendations/Declarations

The guidance set out in PO (trafficked women) Nigeria [2009] UKAIT 00046 at paragraphs 191-192 should no longer be followed.

17 October 2016 | Judicial Body: United Kingdom: Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) | Document type: Case Law | Topic(s): Survivors of trafficking / Persons at risk of trafficking - Trafficking in persons - Women-at-risk | Countries: Nigeria - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

7 October 2016 | Publisher: Council of Europe: Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings | Document type: Country Reports

3 August 2015 | Publisher: United Kingdom: Home Office | Document type: Policy/Position Papers

1 July 2015 | Publisher: Council of Europe: Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings | Document type: Country Reports