Somalia

Annual Reports 414
Case Law 267
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Chronologies of Events 1
Commentaries 10
Comments on National Legislation 1
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Conference Reports 3
Country Briefing Folders 3
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Country Reports 402
Country/Situation Specific Position Papers 28
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Presidential Statements 39
Query Responses 1,200
Regional Reports 24
Research, Background and Discussion Papers 25
Resolutions/Recommendations/Declarations 133
Sessional Reports 1
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Statistics 1
Thematic Reports 79
UNHCR Country Updates 46

1951 Refugee Convention 4
1969 OAU Convention 4
1984 Cartagena Declaration 3
Abduction 107
Abuse of psychiatry 3
Access to procedures 20
Access to water 35
Accession 1
Acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations 1
Adoption 3
Afars 1
Africans 3
Ahmadis 6
Ahwazi 1
Airports 11
Alawi 2
Albanians 4
Albinism/Persons with Albinism 6
Aliens 1
Anti-terrorism law 17
Appeal / Right to appeal 17
Arabs 6
Arbitrary arrest and detention 159
Armed attacks on camps 26
Armed forces / Military 207
Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements 430
Arrival 7
Ashraf 9
Assyrians 3
Asylum policy 28
Asylum-migration nexus 35
Asylum-seekers 205
Baha'i 2
Bail 2
Bajuni 21
Bantu 16
Benadiri 18
Border conflict 47
Border controls 9
Border crossers 14
Buddhist 10
Burden of proof 4
Burden-sharing and international co-operation 23
Camp management 5
Capacity building of state institutions 12
Catholic 4
Ceasefire 101
Cessation clauses 6
Chaldean 1
Changes of circumstances in home country 5
Chechen 8
Child labour 39
Child prostitution 13
Child soldiers 87
Children's rights 132
Children-at-risk 127
Christian 111
Citizenship / Nationality law 24
Civil and political rights 13
Civil war 64
Civilian character of asylum 4
Climate change (including environmental migrants) 18
Combatants / Former combatants 20
Communal conflict / Social conflict 65
Community development 5
Complementary forms of protection 20
Conflict prevention 5
Conflict resolution 63
Conflict situation 186
Constitutional law 8
Contemporary forms of slavery 5
Convention Plus 6
Convention against Torture (CAT) 1
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 2
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 5
Convention refugee 4
Copts 10
Corruption 57
Country of origin information (COI) 41
Coup d'état 17
Credibility assessment 34
Crime prevention 6
Crimean Tatars 4
Crimes against humanity 16
Crimes against peace 1
Criminal justice 54
Customary law 6
Dalit 1
Darod 53
Death in custody 2
Death penalty 117
Decision on admissibility 5
Demobilization / Disarmament 20
Democracy 28
Denial of refugee status 3
Deportation / Forcible return 119
Derivative status 2
Disappeared persons 38
Discrimination based on race, nationality, ethnicity 90
Domestic violence 31
Drug trafficking 9
Druze 2
EU Qualification Directive 14
Economic, social and cultural rights 30
Effective protection 5
Effective remedy 21
Election law 1
Elections 268
Embargo 44
Emigrants 2
Endorois 1
Entry / Exit 5
Entry into force 1
Equal opportunities 1
Eritreans 3
Ethiopians 13
Ethnic cleansing 2
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Evangelical 1
Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) 33
Exceptional leave to remain (ELR) 3
Exclusion clauses 4
Exhaustion of domestic remedies 2
Exiles 8
Expulsion 16
Extended definition 1
Extradition 7
Extrajudicial executions 133
Extreme poverty 18
False documents 19
Falun Gong 3
Family law 1
Family reunification 36
Female genital mutilation (FGM) 67
Flight by land, air or sea 16
Forced labour 48
Forced marriage 41
Forced relocation 12
Foreign occupation 13
Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment 100
Freedom of assembly and association 156
Freedom of conscience 4
Freedom of expression 630
Freedom of information 340
Freedom of movement 70
Freedom of religion 103
Freedom of speech 220
Fresh / New claim 4
Fulani 8
Fur 1
Gaboye 11
Gang related violence 3
Gender discrimination 56
Gender mainstreaming 2
Gender-based persecution 32
Generalized violence 18
Genocide 2
Global Consultations on international protection 1
Good governance 107
Good offices 3
Gross, systematic and large-scale 3
Grounds for persecution 2
Group / Prima facie determination 9
HIV and AIDS 20
Habeas corpus 3
Han 3
Harmful traditional practices 21
Hazara 1
High Commissioner's Forum 6
Hijacking 2
Hindu 9
Hmong 1
Honour killings 11
Housing, land and property rights (HLP) 43
Human Rights Council 17
Human rights activists 96
Human rights and fundamental freedoms 155
Human rights law 3
Human rights monitors 14
Humanitarian assistance 306
IDP camps 63
Illegal entry 17
Illegal immigrants / Undocumented migrants 15
Immigrants 16
Immigration Detention 45
Immunity 1
Impunity 52
Independence of judiciary 12
Indigenous persons 8
Integration 17
Internal armed conflict 468
Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) 62
Internally displaced persons (IDPs) 634
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 1
International armed conflict 25
International courts and tribunals 15
International criminal law 6
International humanitarian law (IHL) / Geneva Conventions 25
International protection 17
Involuntary repatriation 8
Issaq 29
Jehovah's Witness 4
Jew 4
Jurisdiction 1
Juvenile justice system 3
Kachin 2
Karen 1
Khmer 1
Kikuyu 1
Kurd 73
Landmines, unexploded ordnance (UXO) and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) 17
Law of the sea 3
Laws relating to religion 1
Legal representation / Legal aid 7
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) 77
Livelihoods 38
Location of camps 38
Madhiban 35
Manifestly unfounded / Clearly abusive claims 2
Maronite 2
Mass exodus 2
Massaleit 1
Maternal and child health care 14
Medical screening 1
Mental health 11
Mentally disadvantaged persons 2
Mercenaries 2
Midgan 17
Migrant rights 14
Migrants 121
Military courts 22
Military law 3
Military operations 136
Military service / Conscientious objection / Desertion / Draft evasion / Forced conscription 67
Minorities 78
Minority rights 27
Montagnards 1
Multiple nationality 2
Muslim 142
National security / Public order 16
Naturalization 1
Nepalis 1
Ngbandi 1
Nomads 14
Non-refoulement 25
Non-self-governing territories 2
Non-state agents of persecution 53
Nuba 1
Nuer 2
Ogaden 8
Older persons 6
One-child policy / Family planning 4
Opposition 96
Orderly return 4
Oromo 2
Palestinian 55
Pashtun 1
Passports 29
Pastoralists 1
Peace agreements 96
Peace process 94
Peacekeeping 179
Persecution based on class/wealth/occupation 14
Persecution based on nationality 4
Persecution based on political opinion 129
Persecution of family members 7
Persecution on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity 46
Persons not in need of international protection 6
Persons of concern to UNHCR 18
Persons with disabilities 28
Piracy 69
Police 124
Political asylum 2
Political groups 24
Political parties 103
Political situation 457
Polygamy 4
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 3
Pre-entry procedures 12
Pre-trial detention 10
Prevention of discrimination 1
Prison or detention conditions 56
Proof of nationality 7
Property restitution 2
Prosecution vs persecution 2
Prostitution / Commercial sex work 10
Protection of camps 7
Protection of civilian persons in time of war 145
Protestant 4
Protests / Demonstrations / Riots / Civil unrest 114
Public health 54
Racial / Ethnic persecution 85
Racism / Xenophobia / Hate Crimes 6
Ratification 1
Reception 16
Reconciliation 45
Referendum 29
Refoulement 32
Refugee / Asylum law 23
Refugee camps 209
Refugee identity documents 24
Refugee seamen 40
Refugee status determination (RSD) / Asylum procedures 30
Refugee travel documents / CTDs 13
Refugees 702
Regional instruments 13
Registration 9
Reintegration 13
Rejected asylum-seekers 21
Rejection at border 4
Religious discrimination 67
Religious persecution (including forced conversion) 66
Rescue at sea / Interception at sea 22
Reservation 4
Resettlement 33
Residence permits / Residency 24
Return conditions 38
Returnees 83
Right to a nationality 10
Right to development 3
Right to education 62
Right to employment 21
Right to family life 28
Right to food 62
Right to health 48
Right to justice 10
Right to leave 2
Right to liberty and security 15
Right to life 15
Right to registration at birth 10
Right to return 7
Right to seek asylum 17
Right to self-determination 11
Rohingya (Arakanese) 17
Roma 10
Rule of law / Due process / Procedural fairness 91
Safe country of origin 6
Safe third country 17
Saharawis 1
Salafi 16
Sale of children 1
Sanctions 20
Secondary movement 9
Security forces 199
Security situation 883
Serious non-political crime 2
Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) 174
Sexual and reproductive rights 3
Shabak 2
Sharia law 17
Sheikhal 2
Shia 59
Sindhis 1
Single heads of household 4
Single procedure 6
Small arms 10
Smuggling of persons 44
Social group discrimination 26
Social group persecution 18
Somalis 308
Standard of proof 1
State of emergency 39
State protection 16
Statelessness 35
Statelessness Determination Procedures 4
Sufi 21
Sunni 40
Survivors of trafficking / Persons at risk of trafficking 13
Tamil 12
Tatars 4
Temporary admission 1
Temporary protection 6
Terrorism 499
Threats / Intimidation 7
Tibetan 16
Tigreans 1
Tiv 2
Torture 22
Trafficking in persons 89
Transgression of social / cultural norms 1
Transit 4
Transitional justice (including amnesty laws) 47
Travel documents 7
Treaties / Agreements / Charters / Protocols / Conventions / Declarations 7
Tuareg 7
Tuni Torre 1
Turkmen 4
UNHCR mandate 2
Uighur 45
Unaccompanied / Separated children 33
Universal Periodic Review (UPR) 7
Unlawful departure 2
Urban refugees 27
Visas 22
Voluntary repatriation 64
War crimes 40
Well-founded fear of persecution 4
Widowed persons 4
Witnesses 4
Women's rights 94
Women-at-risk 87
Work permits 15
Yazīdī 8
Yibir 13

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International Protection Considerations with Regard to People Fleeing Somalia September 2022 \| Publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) \| Document type: Country/Situation Specific Position Papers
#IBelong Campaign Update, April-June 2022 5 August 2022 \| Publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) \| Document type: Thematic Reports
#IBelong Campaign Update, January-March 2022 5 May 2022 \| Publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) \| Document type: Thematic Reports
Background Note on Gender Equality, Nationality Laws and Statelessness 2022 4 March 2022 \| Publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) \| Document type: Thematic Reports
OA (Somalia) Somalia CG [2022] UKUT 00033 (IAC) 1. In an Article 3 "living conditions" case, there must be a causal link between the Secretary of State's removal decision and any "intense suffering" feared by the returnee. This includes a requirement for temporal proximity between the removal decision and any "intense suffering" of which the returnee claims to be at real risk. This reflects the requirement in Paposhvili [2017] Imm AR 867 for intense suffering to be "serious, rapid and irreversible" in order to engage the returning State's obligations under Article 3 ECHR. A returnee fearing "intense suffering" on account of their prospective living conditions at some unknown point in the future is unlikely to be able to attribute responsibility for those living conditions to the Secretary of State, for to do so would be speculative. 2 February 2022 \| Judicial Body: United Kingdom: Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) \| Document type: Case Law \| Topic(s): Country of origin information (COI) \| Countries: Somalia - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
#IBelong Campaign Update, October – December 2021 1 February 2022 \| Publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) \| Document type: Thematic Reports
Citizenship and Statelessness in the Horn of Africa 22 December 2021 \| Publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) \| Document type: Thematic Reports
Somali Association of South Africa and Others v The Refugee Appeal Board and Others (Case no 585/2020) [2021] ZASCA 124 (23 September 2021) 23 September 2021 \| Judicial Body: South Africa: Supreme Court of Appeal \| Document type: Case Law \| Topic(s): Burden of proof - Credibility assessment - Persecution based on political opinion - Rule of law / Due process / Procedural fairness \| Countries: Somalia - South Africa
CASE OF ABDI v. DENMARK (Application no. 41643/19) The case concerns the Danish authorities’ decision in 2018 to expel the applicant, with a permanent ban on his re-entry to the country, following his conviction for possession of a firearm. Relying on Article 8 (right to respect for private and family life) of the European Convention, the applicant submits that, in their decisions, the Danish courts failed to weigh in the balance that he did not have a significant criminal past, that he had never been issued with a warning that he might be expelled, and that he had strong ties to Denmark where he has lived with his family since he was four years old. 14 September 2021 \| Judicial Body: Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights \| Document type: Case Law \| Topic(s): Expulsion \| Countries: Denmark - Somalia
Ainte (material deprivation – Art 3 – AM (Zimbabwe)) [2021] UKUT 0203 (IAC) (i)Said [2016] EWCA Civ 442 is not to be read to exclude the possibility that Article 3 ECHR could be engaged by conditions of extreme material deprivation. Factors to be considered include the location where the harm arises, and whether it results from deliberate action or omission. (ii) In cases where the material deprivation is not intentionally caused the threshold is the modified N test set out in AM (Zimbabwe) [2020] UKSC 17. The question will be whether conditions are such that there is a real risk that the individual concerned will be exposed to intense suffering or a significant reduction in life expectancy. (iii) The Qualification Directive continues to have direct effect following the UK withdrawal from the EU. 22 July 2021 \| Judicial Body: United Kingdom: Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) \| Document type: Case Law \| Legal Instrument: 1950 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) \| Topic(s): EU Qualification Directive - Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment - Livelihoods \| Countries: Somalia - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

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