Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
The Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) is Canada's largest independent administrative tribunal, responsible for making well-reasoned decisions on immigration and refugee matters efficiently, fairly and in accordance with the law. It consists of three divisions: the Refugee Protection Division; the Immigration Division; and the Immigration Appeal Division. The Refugee Protection Division decides claims for refugee protection made by people already in Canada. Website: www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/
- Afghanistan 350
- Albania 455
- Algeria 416
- American Samoa 1
- Angola 289
- Antigua and Barbuda 30
- Argentina 459
- Armenia 87
- Aruba 2
- Australia 18
- Austria 26
- Azerbaijan 171
- Bahamas 23
- Bahrain 16
- Bangladesh 780
- Barbados 35
- Belarus 108
- Belgium 40
- Belize 21
- Benin 49
- Bhutan 6
- Bolivia 130
- Bosnia and Herzegovina 88
- Botswana 30
- Brazil 141
- Brunei Darussalam 2
- Bulgaria 577
- Burkina Faso 57
- Burundi 246
- Cambodia 40
- Cameroon 250
- Canada 551
- Cape Verde 2
- Cayman Islands 1
- Central African Republic 37
- Chad 255
- Chile 398
- China 1,458
- Colombia 521
- Comoros 29
- Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1,284
- Congo, Republic of the 178
- Costa Rica 294
- Croatia 179
- Cuba 402
- Cyprus 22
- Czech Republic 189
- Côte d'Ivoire 169
- Denmark 26
- Djibouti 240
- Dominica 29
- Dominican Republic 118
- Ecuador 208
- Egypt 200
- El Salvador 759
- Equatorial Guinea 30
- Eritrea 171
- Estonia 169
- Eswatini 14
- Ethiopia 671
- Fiji 57
- Finland 11
- France 191
- French Guiana 6
- Gabon 26
- Gambia 74
- Georgia 158
- Germany 176
- Ghana 965
- Greece 110
- Grenada 70
- Guadeloupe 3
- Guatemala 532
- Guinea 215
- Guinea-Bissau 21
- Guyana 194
- Haiti 406
- Holy See (Vatican City State) 2
- Honduras 436
- Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of China) 67
- Hungary 349
- Iceland 1
- India 1,299
- Indonesia 77
- Iran, Islamic Republic of 1,488
- Iraq 416
- Ireland 21
- Israel 752
- Italy 104
- Jamaica 137
- Japan 40
- Jordan 237
- Kazakhstan 124
- Kenya 393
- Kiribati 2
- Korea, Democratic People's Republic of 18
- Korea, Republic of 119
- Kuwait 120
- Kyrgyzstan 48
- Lao People's Democratic Republic 9
- Latvia 127
- Lebanon 991
- Lesotho 3
- Liberia 159
- Libya 190
- Lithuania 74
- Luxembourg 2
- Macau (Special Administrative Region of China) 7
- Madagascar 11
- Malawi 26
- Malaysia 154
- Maldives 3
- Mali 133
- Malta 7
- Martinique 2
- Mauritania 108
- Mauritius 13
- Mexico 1,220
- Moldova, Republic of 211
- Mongolia 35
- Montenegro 200
- Montserrat 5
- Morocco 185
- Mozambique 16
- Myanmar 49
- Namibia 43
- Nauru 1
- Nepal 79
- Netherlands 61
- Netherlands Antilles 19
- New Caledonia 1
- New Zealand 2
- Nicaragua 316
- Niger 35
- Nigeria 1,573
- North Macedonia 124
- Norway 16
- Oman 7
- Pakistan 1,435
- Palestine, State of 198
- Panama 127
- Papua New Guinea 5
- Paraguay 46
- Peru 520
- Philippines 165
- Poland 377
- Portugal 37
- Qatar 21
- Romania 638
- Russian Federation 1,142
- Rwanda 317
- Saint Kitts and Nevis 12
- Saint Lucia 73
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 140
- Sao Tome and Principe 1
- Saudi Arabia 141
- Senegal 93
- Serbia 452
- Seychelles 41
- Sierra Leone 127
- Singapore 36
- Slovakia 139
- Slovenia 28
- Solomon Islands 5
- Somalia 1,190
- South Africa 150
- South Sudan 9
- Spain 106
- Sri Lanka 1,146
- Sudan 337
- Suriname 16
- Sweden 41
- Switzerland 39
- Syrian Arab Republic 306
- Tajikistan 31
- Tanzania, United Republic of 149
- Thailand 68
- Togo 143
- Tonga 2
- Trinidad and Tobago 95
- Tunisia 125
- Turkey 672
- Turkmenistan 13
- Turks and Caicos Islands 9
- Tuvalu 1
- U.S. Virgin Islands 2
- Uganda 223
- Ukraine 547
- United Arab Emirates 69
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 113
- United States of America 535
- Uruguay 180
- Uzbekistan 86
- Venezuela 768
- Viet Nam 136
- Western Sahara Territory 11
- Yemen 167
- Zambia 57
- Zimbabwe 209
- 1951 Refugee Convention 4
- Abduction 79
- Abkhazians 5
- Abuse of psychiatry 9
- Access to procedures 41
- Acholi 4
- Acts of persecution 1
- Adivasis 2
- Administrative courts 1
- Administrative law 6
- Adoption 24
- Afars 22
- Africans 7
- Afro-Colombians 2
- Age discrimination 3
- Agents of persecution 1
- Ahmadis 106
- Ahwazi 4
- Airports 262
- Akan 16
- Alawi 44
- Albanians 8
- Albinism/Persons with Albinism 5
- Alevis 6
- Aliens 25
- Amhara 44
- Anglican 5
- Animist 1
- Anti-terrorism law 3
- Apartheid 12
- Appeal / Right to appeal 19
- Arabs 42
- Arbitrary arrest and detention 46
- Armed attacks on camps 5
- Armed forces / Military 133
- Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements 2,083
- Armenian 86
- Arrival 4
- Ashanti 29
- Ashraf 2
- Assamese 3
- Assemblies of God 1
- Assyrians 4
- Asylum policy 7
- Asylum-migration nexus 1
- Asylum-seekers 24
- Atheist / Agnostic 9
- Azeri 23
- Baganda 4
- Baha'i 25
- Bail 22
- Bakhtiari 1
- Bakongo 25
- Baluchis 10
- Bamileke 4
- Bantu 2
- Banyamulenge 4
- Banyarwanda 9
- Baptist 95
- Bashkirs 4
- Basques 6
- Bedoon 29
- Beja 2
- Belarusians 1
- Bemba 8
- Benadiri 4
- Benefit of the doubt 2
- Bengalis 9
- Berber 21
- Bihari 19
- Blood feuds 31
- Bodos 1
- Border conflict 9
- Border controls 49
- Border crossers 37
- Bosnian 4
- Buddhist 50
- Bulgarians 20
- Burden of proof 3
- Buryat 5
- Cabinda 15
- Camp management 1
- Catholic 202
- Ceasefire 9
- Cessation clauses 4
- Chaldean 2
- Changes of circumstances in home country 16
- Chechen 17
- Child labour 3
- Child prostitution 2
- Child soldiers 62
- Children's rights 62
- Children-at-risk 100
- Chin 3
- Chinese 15
- Chittagong Hill Tribes 22
- Christian 145
- Chuvash 4
- Circassians 4
- Citizenship / Nationality law 70
- Civil and political rights 12
- Civil rights legislation 5
- Civil war 44
- Combatants / Former combatants 14
- Communal conflict / Social conflict 54
- Complementary forms of protection 2
- Conflict resolution 6
- Conflict situation 16
- Contemporary forms of slavery 4
- Convention refugee 61
- Copts 7
- Corruption 95
- Cossacks 9
- Country of origin information (COI) 11
- Coup d'état 264
- Credibility assessment 13
- Creoles 1
- Crime prevention 33
- Crimean Tatars 11
- Crimes against humanity 26
- Criminal justice 738
- Croats 8
- Customary law 7
- Czechs 19
- Dalit 9
- Danes 3
- Darod 49
- Death penalty 27
- Death squads 48
- Decision on admissibility 3
- Demobilization / Disarmament 5
- Democracy 2
- Denial of nationality 4
- Denial of refugee status 77
- Deportation / Forcible return 246
- Dinka 3
- Diolas 5
- Dioula 1
- Diplomatic asylum 1
- Disappeared persons 95
- Discrimination based on race, nationality, ethnicity 1,176
- Domestic violence 626
- Drug trafficking 95
- Druze 21
- East Caprivians 1
- Economic, social and cultural rights 43
- Effective protection 8
- Effective remedy 23
- Election law 4
- Elections 55
- Emigrants 62
- Entry / Exit 67
- Episcopalian 2
- Equal opportunities 1
- Equality before the law 22
- Eritreans 4
- Ethiopians 7
- Ethnic cleansing 4
- Evacuation 2
- Evangelical 59
- Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) 11
- Ewe 11
- Exceptional leave to remain (ELR) 2
- Exclusion clauses 8
- Exiles 57
- Expulsion 141
- Extradition 56
- Extrajudicial executions 14
- Extreme poverty 2
- False documents 130
- Falun Gong 62
- Family law 16
- Family reunification 27
- Female genital mutilation (FGM) 114
- Fijians 16
- Filipinos 22
- Flight by land, air or sea 11
- Forced labour 16
- Forced marriage 169
- Forced sterilization / Abortion 45
- Foreign occupation 36
- Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment 128
- Freedom of assembly and association 163
- Freedom of conscience 26
- Freedom of expression 166
- Freedom of information 43
- Freedom of movement 344
- Freedom of religion 424
- Freedom of speech 39
- Fulani 16
- Fur 1
- Gaboye 4
- Gagauz 8
- Gang related violence 66
- Gender discrimination 49
- Gender mainstreaming 2
- Gender-based persecution 37
- Generalized violence 9
- Genocide 35
- Germans 21
- Good governance 48
- Greeks 8
- Grounds for persecution 3
- Gujaratis 2
- HIV and AIDS 74
- Habeas corpus 7
- Habitual residence 19
- Haitians 21
- Haratin 2
- Hare Krishna 4
- Harmful traditional practices 49
- Hazara 9
- Hema 2
- Hijacking 16
- Hindu 153
- Hmong 2
- Honour killings 16
- Housing, land and property rights (HLP) 166
- Hui 6
- Human rights activists 30
- Human rights and fundamental freedoms 721
- Human rights courts 2
- Human rights monitors 7
- Hungarians 42
- Hutus 91
- IDP camps 5
- Ibo 14
- Ijaw 25
- Illegal entry 41
- Illegal immigrants / Undocumented migrants 75
- Illegitimate children 14
- Immigrants 137
- Immigration Detention 44
- Immigration control after entry 6
- Immunity 8
- Impunity 17
- Independence of judiciary 7
- Indians 6
- Indigenous persons 45
- Ingush 10
- Integration 11
- Internal armed conflict 14
- Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) 99
- Internally displaced persons (IDPs) 44
- International armed conflict 5
- International courts and tribunals 3
- International criminal law 3
- International humanitarian law (IHL) / Geneva Conventions 4
- Involuntary repatriation 13
- Iranians 30
- Ismaili 1
- Issaq 28
- Japanese 13
- Jehovah's Witness 28
- Jew 309
- Jurisdiction 3
- Kalenjin 4
- Karen 1
- Kashmiris 23
- Kazakhs 4
- Khakass 4
- Kikuyu 20
- Kisii 6
- Komi 4
- Konkomba 9
- Koreans 22
- Kosovar 3
- Krou 1
- Kurd 277
- Lari 12
- Law of the sea 2
- Laz 2
- Legal representation / Legal aid 65
- Lendu 3
- Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) 527
- Lezgin 3
- Location of camps 13
- Luba 17
- Lunda, Yeke 1
- Luo 7
- Lutheran 3
- M'boshi 1
- Macedonians 33
- Madhiban 5
- Magyars 2
- Malays 3
- Malinke / Mandingo 8
- Mandate status 17
- Manifestly unfounded / Clearly abusive claims 1
- Maronite 4
- Mass exodus 10
- Massaleit 4
- Maternal and child health care 19
- Mayans 5
- Medical screening 1
- Mende 4
- Mental health 36
- Mentally disadvantaged persons 17
- Mercenaries 4
- Merina 1
- Meskhetians 1
- Messianic Jews 14
- Methodist 5
- Midgan 6
- Migrants 38
- Military courts 134
- Military operations 10
- Military service / Conscientious objection / Desertion / Draft evasion / Forced conscription 1,345
- Minorities 229
- Minority rights 26
- Mohajirs 59
- Montenegrin 9
- Mormon 7
- Mossi-Dagomba 5
- Multiple nationality 65
- Muslim 502
- National security / Public order 21
- Naturalization 150
- Ndebele 3
- Nepalis 3
- Ngbandi 5
- Nomads 35
- Non-refoulement 28
- Non-state agents of persecution 55
- Nuba 8
- Ogaden 5
- Older persons 31
- One-child policy / Family planning 34
- Opposition 344
- Oromo 42
- Orthodox Christian 29
- Ossetians (South) 12
- Ovimbundu 3
- Palestinian 164
- Pashtun 6
- Passports 328
- Peace agreements 59
- Peace process 23
- Peacekeeping 14
- Pentecostal 18
- Persecution based on class/wealth/occupation 6
- Persecution based on nationality 1
- Persecution based on political opinion 364
- Persecution of family members 77
- Persecution on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity 205
- Persons not in need of international protection 5
- Persons of concern to UNHCR 2
- Persons with disabilities 57
- Piracy 2
- Poles 15
- Police 401
- Political asylum 42
- Political groups 357
- Political parties 867
- Political situation 404
- Polygamy 20
- Pomaks 5
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 2
- Pre-trial detention 4
- Presbyterian 5
- Prevention of discrimination 5
- Prison or detention conditions 129
- Proof of nationality 23
- Property restitution 21
- Prosecution vs persecution 13
- Prostitution / Commercial sex work 30
- Protection of civilian persons in time of war 1
- Protestant 14
- Protests / Demonstrations / Riots / Civil unrest 31
- Public health 188
- Punjabis 18
- Quechua 1
- Racial / Ethnic persecution 1,072
- Racism / Xenophobia / Hate Crimes 14
- Raizals 1
- Rastafarian 3
- Re-entry 2
- Reception 2
- Reconciliation 11
- Referendum 1
- Refoulement 34
- Refugee / Asylum law 4
- Refugee camps 115
- Refugee identity documents 98
- Refugee seamen 29
- Refugee status determination (RSD) / Asylum procedures 18
- Refugee travel documents / CTDs 89
- Refugees 60
- Refugees sur place 6
- Registration 28
- Reintegration 4
- Rejected asylum-seekers 67
- Rejection at border 1
- Religious discrimination 158
- Religious persecution (including forced conversion) 232
- Resettlement 40
- Residence permits / Residency 911
- Return conditions 45
- Returnees 130
- Right to a nationality 753
- Right to education 97
- Right to employment 134
- Right to family life 4
- Right to food 3
- Right to health 56
- Right to justice 31
- Right to leave 134
- Right to liberty and security 2
- Right to life 7
- Right to registration at birth 72
- Right to return 213
- Right to seek asylum 2
- Right to self-determination 3
- Rights of non-citizens 84
- Rohingya (Arakanese) 2
- Roma 309
- Romanians 28
- Rule of law / Due process / Procedural fairness 85
- Russians 135
- Sabean Mandean 4
- Sabians 3
- Safe country of origin 1
- Safe third country 3
- Saharawis 2
- Salafi 2
- Sale of children 1
- Sami 2
- Sanctions 3
- Sandzak 2
- Security forces 221
- Security situation 114
- Serb 60
- Serious non-political crime 6
- Seventh Day Adventist 33
- Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) 900
- Sexual and reproductive rights 29
- Shan 3
- Sharia law 5
- Shia 90
- Sikh 308
- Sindhis 1
- Single heads of household 42
- Sinhalese 57
- Slovaks 6
- Slovenes 4
- Smuggling of persons 22
- Social group discrimination 64
- Social group persecution 47
- Somalis 76
- Spontaneous return 1
- Standard of proof 3
- State of emergency 17
- State protection 869
- Statelessness 22
- Stowaways 2
- Sufi 14
- Sunni 118
- Sur place persecution 6
- Suspensive effect 1
- Tajik 3
- Tamil 381
- Tatars 61
- Temne 3
- Temporary admission 9
- Temporary protection 7
- Territorial asylum 2
- Terrorism 505
- Threats / Intimidation 1
- Tibetan 48
- Tigreans 12
- Tiv 1
- Torture 10
- Trafficking in persons 25
- Transgression of social / cultural norms 5
- Transit 6
- Transitional justice (including amnesty laws) 1
- Travel documents 122
- Treaties / Agreements / Charters / Protocols / Conventions / Declarations 2
- Tuareg 7
- Turkmen 5
- Turks 6
- Tutsis 108
- UNHCR mandate 3
- Udmurts 1
- Uighur 18
- Ukrainians 33
- Unaccompanied / Separated children 24
- Unlawful departure 71
- Visas 932
- Vlachs 2
- Voluntary repatriation 94
- War crimes 5
- Well-founded fear of persecution 9
- Widowed persons 48
- Witchcraft 6
- Withdrawal of nationality 10
- Witnesses 122
- Women's rights 296
- Women-at-risk 296
- Work permits 193
- Yazīdī 2
- Yibir 7
- Yoruba 35
- Zanzibaris 2
- Zapotecs 1
- Zoroastrian 28
- Zulus 4