Global Overview 2012: People internally displaced by conflict and violence - Mexico

Tens of thousands of people remained internally displaced across Mexico in 2012 as a result of inter-communal and intense criminal violence. People in Chiapas continued to live in protracted displacement, many years after the Zapatista uprising. The latest available figures put the total number of people displaced by all forms of violence and armed conflict at about 160,000.

Possibly the largest but least-acknowledged cause of new displacement was generalised drug-cartel violence and human rights abuses, in the form of fighting between cartels and government forces, extortions, kidnappings, assassinations and threats against civilians. These acts of violence have forced people to flee individually and en masse in both rural and urban areas.

While no new figures were available in 2012, census information correlated with data on homicides and violent crimes showed that most displacements took place in the states worst-affected by drug cartel violence, namely Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Guerrero, Michoacán, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas and Veracruz.

People fleeing have not necessarily found the safety they sought, and in some cases have continued to face violence and human rights abuses. Reports suggest that the cartels have forcibly recruited IDPs, sometimes in exchange for a promise of safe return to their places of origin, and in Sinaloa they and other criminal groups killed displaced people on several occasions in 2012.

Data also showed that IDPs had less access to labour markets, their children were less likely to stay in school and they had difficulties in finding adequate housing. Some lost or left behind their identity documents when fleeing, which hampered their access to social services, especially housing and health care.

The longest-running displacement situation was caused by the uprising of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional or EZLN) in Chiapas in the 1990s, and the group's subsequent confrontations with government forces. Most of the people displaced as a result have not achieved a durable solution. They have neither received their land back nor have they been compensated for their loss, even though 99 per cent of those affected are members of indigenous groups with an acknowledged special attachment to their land.

Indigenous IDPs in Chiapas live together in tightly knit communities and receive some support from the state government and international agencies. Given that many have lost access to their land and livelihoods, they have reportedly become poorer as a result of their displacement. Officials in Chiapas estimate that around 25,000 people who fled during the Zapatista uprising are still living in displacement.

Violence between and within indigenous communities in Chiapas, Guerrero and Oaxaca states, often based on religious affiliation, has also caused displacement. The scale of the problem is unknown, however, and there is little or no information available on the situation and protection needs of those affected as these issues are often dealt with within the communities.

In February 2012, the Chiapas state congress passed a bill on internal displacement which had been drafted with the support of various UN agencies and civil society representatives. It is the first such law to be passed in Mexico, and it incorporates the Guiding Principles. Implementation, however, has been slow, few IDPs have benefitted so far and the government's response to internal displacement has generally been insufficient to meet the needs of the displaced population.

The federal government has yet to officially acknowledge the displacement caused by drug-cartel violence, but opposition parties have taken steps towards political and legal recognition of the phenomenon. In November, the Institutional Revolutionary Party asked the then-president Felipe Calderón to submit an analysis of internal displacement in Mexico, and to make public the programmes and actions implemented during his term to address it.

In mid-December, the Party of the Democratic Revolution introduced a bill in the senate to establish a national legal, political and administrative framework for preventing internal displacement, assisting IDPs and finding durable solutions. Mexico's new president, Enrique Peña Nieto, who took office in December, has vowed to focus on reducing drug-cartel violence and protecting the civilian population.

Development agencies continued to provide support to the displaced in Chiapas, where UNDP has promoted IDPs' local integration at their places of displacement within its wider development strategy for indigenous people. Mexico's IDPs did not, however, receive any international humanitarian aid as the government has not sought support or set up a response system to manage it.