Nations in Transit 2018 - Azerbaijan

Regime Classification: Consolidated Authoritarian Regime

Nations in Transit Score

Democracy Score: 6.93 / 7 (1 = Most Democratic, 7 = Least Democratic)

Quick Facts

Capital: Baku
Population: 9.762 million
GNI/capita, PPP: $16,130
Freedom in the World Status: Not Free
Press Freedom Status: Not Free
Net Freedom Status: Partly Free

Nations in Transit Ratings and Averaged Scores

NOTE: The ratings reflect the consensus of Freedom House, its academic advisers, and the author(s) of this report. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the author(s). The ratings are based on a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 representing the highest level of democratic progress and 7 the lowest. The Democracy Score is an average of ratings for the categories tracked in a given year.

No score changes in 2018.

Mike Runey

Executive Summary:

Authoritarianism in Azerbaijan became more deeply entrenched than ever in 2017, as the state apparatuses took a number of unprecedented steps to limit freedom of expression, silence critics at home and abroad, and crack down on minority communities for political gain. Rather than undertake long-needed governmental or economic reforms, the ruling elite responded to a persistently weak economy by further suppressing government critics, fighting behind-the-scenes battles over shrinking state resources, and emptying state coffers on international lobbying efforts.^[1]

President Ilham Aliyev moved to further consolidate his family's dynastic control of the state, naming his wife, Mehriban Aliyeva, as First Vice President and placing her first in the line of succession in February. While the extent of the Aliyev family's control of economic and political life has been exaggerated in the past – particularly regarding the Azerbaijani elite's dependency on the president for access to state resources – the appointment seems to signal that the Aliyevs' hold on the economy and polity has strengthened considerably in recent years.^[2] The consequences of this personalization of the state are already being felt: independent media outlets suspected that the March large-scale attacks on their websites, which eventually led to a complete blockade, were instigated by Aliyeva's displeasure at their coverage of her appointment.

As state power becomes more and more concentrated in the hands of the ruling family, Azerbaijan has become less responsive to international pressure and less concerned with maintaining any pretense of democratic freedoms. This was the first year in recent memory that no high-profile political prisoners were released in the traditional Nowruz pardon, and attempts by foreign diplomats to gain even minor concessions, such as permission for the human rights lawyer and former political prisoner Intigam Aliyev to travel abroad for much-needed medical care, have not produced any results.^[3] A noted exception was the case of Turan News Agency director Mehman Aliyev, who was arrested on spurious tax charges in late August and released a few weeks later after widespread international condemnation that included, uniquely, a threat from U.S. Senator Dick Durbin to sanction the officials responsible.^[4]

Corruption among Azerbaijani elites returned to international headlines in August when an international consortium of investigative reporters published "the Azerbaijani Laundromat," an exposé of a sprawling network of shell companies used to launder $2.9 billion over two years for the use of the Azerbaijani elite.^[5] The publication of the Azerbaijani Laundromat confirmed long-standing suspicions that Azerbaijan had bribed European politicians and policymakers to maintain its good standing in international organizations – most notably the Council of Europe – and access to international finance. The funds were used for everything from bribing European politicians, to purchasing all-terrain vehicles in the United States, to paying for expensive tuition at private English boarding schools.^[6]

Azerbaijan appears to be set to pay a political price for the revelations, as the uproar over the report has pushed the Council of Europe (CoE) to launch infringement proceedings against the country for noncompliance with a 2014 European Court of Human Rights decision calling for the unconditional release of imprisoned opposition leader Ilgar Mammadov.^[7] This step is the latest in what has become a quickly escalating – by the glacial standards of pan-European political bodies – legal battle with few avenues for resolution available other than Mammadov's release or the expulsion of Azerbaijan from the CoE. A third scenario, in which Azerbaijan manages to remain in the CoE and ignore the ruling, would essentially delegitimize the council and invite member states to follow suit without penalty.^[8]

The remainder of the international community appears less keen to punish the government financially. Azerbaijan withdrew from the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, a group of governments, private companies, and civil society organizations that work to encourage states like Azerbaijan to adopt industry best practices, without consequence – despite warnings from international lenders in late 2016 that failure to live up to its commitments to the group would jeopardize key loans for government infrastructure projects.^[9] The revelation that a board member of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development had received $500,000 in "consulting fees" from an Azerbaijani Laundromat company did not stop the bank from approving $500 million in loans for a gas pipeline from Azerbaijan to Southeastern Europe.^[10] However, final approval for a separate €1.5 billion ($1.84 billion) loan from the European Investment Bank was postponed until February 2018, and activists credited concerns over the pipeline's environmental impact with the delay.^[11] The pipeline, dubbed the Southern Gas Corridor, is a long-term financial lifeline for the current government, which has struggled in recent years from low oil prices and declining production. Activists who campaigned against the pipeline worry that the revenue the state is set to receive from natural gas sales will allow it to more readily resist domestic and international appeals for democratic reforms.^[12]

After forcing essentially all independent media outlets out of the country in recent years, the government began blocking access to their websites.^[13] This move has not been entirely successful, as the affected outlets have reacted by cross-posting their articles and video to Facebook and hosting mirror versions of their websites on Amazon Web Services. However, the government's blockade of these websites has severely limited the ability of Azerbaijanis to access reliable information.

The willingness of Azerbaijan's neighbors to aid its efforts in punishing critical voices abroad was an unwelcome development in 2017, although it is debatable whether the increased responsiveness is domestic in origin or a result of ramped-up Azerbaijani pressure. In late May, the investigative journalist Afgan Mukhtarli was apparently kidnapped off the streets of Tbilisi by Georgian security services, who then transported him to the Azerbaijani border and handed him over to border guards. Despite widespread international condemnation, an Azerbaijani court sentenced Mukhtarli to six years in prison in January 2018.^[14] In late October, Azerbaijani journalist and Dutch citizen Fikret Huseynli was arrested in Kyiv's Boryspil Airport on an Interpol Red Notice widely considered politically motivated. At year's end, he remained in Ukraine and was still fighting extradition to Azerbaijan.^[15]

The most well-documented account of this cooperation was provided by a Russian-Israeli blogger, Alexander Lapshin, who spent several months in an Azerbaijani prison in 2017 on charges of illegally visiting Nagorno-Karabakh. After his release, Lapshin published a blog post describing how court documents outlined that Georgia, Ukraine, and Belarus provided, at Azerbaijan's request, extensive documentation on his travel and personal finances.^[16] While Georgia has until recently been considered a haven for persecuted Azerbaijani dissidents, Lapshin's blog suggested that the Georgian government provided Azerbaijan with far more documentation than was requested. Several other Azerbaijani journalists and opposition activists were forced to flee the country in 2017 after applications for residence permits were rejected on "national security grounds" without specifying a legal basis.^[17]

In September, Baku police systematically arrested at least 84 (and as many as several hundred) LGBT people, primarily in a series of late-night raids. The detainees were tortured, subjected to forced medical examinations, and pressured to inform on others in the LGBT community, or on wealthy or powerful individuals with whom they had had sexual relations. The government variously argued that it had merely conducted a roundup of sex workers at the request of Baku residents, or that the purpose of the arrests was to quarantine disease-carrying people – who all, incidentally, happened to be members of the LGBT community.^[18]

What predicated the crackdown largely remains a mystery, but analysts have speculated it was designed either to distract from the fallout of the Azerbaijani Laundromat story or to shore up support among conservative religious Azerbaijanis before next year's presidential elections. From this perspective, the LGBT arrests were essentially a mirror image of the sweeping crackdown on Muslim Unity activists in 2016, when more than a hundred alleged members of the conservative Islamic movement were arrested following a shoot-out in the village of Nardaran in late 2015. The trials were widely regarded as farcical, and reports of torture and ill-treatment widespread.^[19] In both cases, the government appears to have violently attacked and mischaracterized a minority community – in one case painting peaceful, conservative Islamists as violent jihadists, in the other LGBT people as vectors for disease – in order to minimize the chances of a political alliance between opposition liberal and Islamic groups.

Outlook for 2018:

Civil society activists expect a surge in arrests and additional pressure on opposition political movements ahead of the presidential elections in 2018, which are set to take place against a backdrop of bank defaults, lingering effects of the financial crisis, and corruption allegations. These factors could make the government warier of election-time unrest than usual.^[20]

After several years of contraction, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) expects the Azerbaijani economy to return to growth in 2018, and the government is expecting a new revenue stream as the first gas shipments to Turkey via the Southern Gas Corridor are set to begin.^[21] However, persistently low gas prices and declining oil reserves mean that while the state will see enough revenue for the elite to maintain its lifestyle, there will be insufficient funds available to recreate the oil-fueled rise in living standards of the last decade.^[22] If public pressure continues to build, the government could seek to rally public support by escalating the conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, as it did in 2016. Observers have noted, however, that election years have historically been relatively peaceful.^[23]

Both Azerbaijan and the European Union (EU) publicly insist they will sign a long-planned Strategic Partnership Agreement in 2018 to replace the current Partnership and Cooperation Agreement. The two parties failed to reach an agreement by the 2017 Eastern Partnership Summitt on 24-26 November, where neighboring Armenia signed a landmark agreement with the EU.^[24] Depending on point of view, this delay is either due to the EU's reluctance to commit to Azerbaijan's preferred language on the status of Nagorno-Karabakh or lingering EU concerns about recent backsliding on human rights and governance.^[25] In mid-December, Azerbaijan began to aggressively target activists and journalists with a hacking campaign that continued into the new year, signaling that efforts to limit freedom of expression online will only intensify in 2018.^[26]

National Democratic Governance:

• Azerbaijan's national governance has long been dominated by inter-clan politics, but the process has become more public in recent years, as oligarchs and their proxies battling for public support leak details to muckraking websites like Haqqin.az.^[27] The government increasingly seeks to intimidate and punish critics abroad and for years has resisted international pressure to release many oppositon figures and political prisoners, including the Republican Alternative (REAL) movement leader Ilgar Mammadov.^[28]

• In a move that drew widespread international attention and condemnation of nepotism from opposition and pro-democracy activists, President Ilham Aliyev named his wife, First Lady Mehriban Aliyeva, as First Vice President of Azerbaijan in February. She is the first person to hold the post, which was created in a controversial, deeply flawed referendum in September 2016.^[29] The appointment placed her first in the line of succession, a position formerly held by the prime minister.^[30] Azerbaijani lawyers argued that the appointment violated national anticorruption laws barring officials from working directly with close relatives.^[31] President Aliyev explained his decision to Russian journalist Vladimir Solovyov as a sign that "Azerbaijan is not Europe and is moving in a different direction."^[32]

• Analysts interpreted the appointment as the outcome of behind-the-scenes jockeying between political clans for influence and access to state resources, with Aliyeva's "Pashayev" clan emerging victorious. While the constitutional amendments allow for the appointment of multiple vice presidents, no additional appointments were made in 2017, quelling for the time being speculation that a representative of the declining "Nakhichevan" clan – mostly made up of aging holdovers from the regime of deceased former president Heydar Aliyev – would be compensated with a second vice president position.^[33]

• In preparation for the 2018 presidential elections, the opposition REAL declared plans in September to officially transform into a political party, triggering a negative campaign in the progovernment press.^[34] The movement had been under pressure from the government in January after a website with ties to the security services accused REAL of plotting a coup on the orders of Iran.^[35] Several leaders of the movement were called in for questioning but no charges were filed, and in August, charges of "illegal entrepreneurship" against REAL executive director Natiq Jafarli were dropped.^[36]

• Similar pressure has been used against the opposition Popular Front Party, whose deputy chairperson, Gozel Bayramli, was arrested upon returning from Georgia when border guards allegedly found $12,000 in her baggage that she had failed to declare.^[37] Bayramli maintains the money was planted on her, and she remained in detention awaiting trial on charges of smuggling at year's end. She faces up to five years in prison.^[38] Fuad Gahramanli, another deputy chairperson, was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment in January for Facebook posts critical of the government's response to the Nardaran events.^[39]

• In December, the Prosecutor General's Office took the unusual step of issuing a press release to announce the inclusion of Azerbaijani citizen Rauf Huseynov on Interpol's wanted list on charges of falsifying unspecified documents to gain political asylum in Europe.^[40] The statement did not mention that Huseynov is the brother of opposition leader Ali Karimli, who condemned the press release as an attempt to pressure him and his relatives.^[41] Despite the Prosecutor General's decision to publicize the Red Notice, Huseynov was not listed as wanted on Interpol's website as of December 2017.^[42]

• The economic crisis that began in 2015 continued, as both the state budget and the undiversified economy suffered from low oil prices. International ratings agencies worried about the government's increasing debt, the fallout from two mismanaged devaluations in 2015, and the collapse of the country's largest bank in June after $7.3 billion in government funds proved insufficient to save it from insolvency.^[43] The fallout was felt widely and deeply across the economy, and rising unemployment encouraged increased emigration while tightening credit led to a rise in black-market lending.^[44] However, unreliable or unavailable statistics obscured the scope of the crisis.^[45]

• In March, shortly after being suspended by its fellow members for inadequate transparency and a failure to allow sufficient civil society involvement in its petrochemical sector, Azerbaijan withdrew entirely from the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. The government had announced a slew of regulatory changes, ostensibly aimed at easing restrictions on NGO registration, but did not provide anything of substance.^[46] Environmental and human rights groups initially lauded the suspension, as international lenders had informally conditioned financing for the Southern Gas Corridor, a pipeline to sell Azerbaijani natural gas to Turkey and the Balkans and a key foreign and economic policy objective for Baku. At the time of writing, Baku had not paid any price for its withdrawal: no funding has been lost, and the Southern Gas Corridor project is due to be completed in 2020.^[47]

Electoral Process:

• Azerbaijan has not conducted a free or fair election in its post-Soviet history, and long-standing suspicions that it funneled money to European politicians willing to "monitor" its referendums and elections and praise the results were confirmed as part of the Azerbaijani Laundromat investigation.^[48] Azerbaijan imposed strict limits on the number of monitors in 2015, leading the OSCE to cancel its election observation mission entirely. There have been no public signs of reconciliation, so it is unlikely that impartial observers will be permitted to observe the 2018 presidential elections.^[49] Given that the Azerbaijani Laundromat revelations ended the careers of several European politicians who accepted money in return for favorable assessments of past elections, the participation of any European observers from mainstream political parties is also in doubt.^[50]

• The run-up to elections and referendums is typically marked by harassment of opposition groups and campaigners, with the dual goal of limiting their ability to spread their message and discouraging inactive citizens from joining a protest movement. Permits for opposition rallies are granted selectively, and the authorities occasionally request that rallies be moved to another place or to another day with minimal notice.^[51] Unequal access to media is also a systemic problem, as government-controlled television does not give equal time to opposition parties.^[52]

• Since 2002, a variety of international organizations – such as OSCE/ODIHR, the Venice Commission, and the Committee of Ministers of the CoE – have identified numerous legal and procedural shortcomings in Azerbaijan's electoral processes. These include inconsistencies between various electoral codes, the lack of a truly independent election commission, no system for auditing campaign finances, discrepancies in the voter rolls, a lack of compliance with international norms of freedom of speech and assembly, and many more systemic issues. Despite numerous reports and repeated judgements against it in the European Court of Human Rights in cases of electoral processes, the government of Azerbaijan has not taken any meaningful steps to improve the country's electoral system or implement the recommendations of international organizations.^[53]

Civil Society:

• The crackdown that started with the adoption of restrictive NGO registration laws in 2013, and increased the number of politically motivated arrests in 2014, continued unabated during the year. International organizations and donors are still largely banned from operating in the country, and those that remain are only able to fund government-approved organizations. The legal harassment of NGOs and activists continues in kind, although the thoroughness of the crackdown in past years means that attacks are now fewer and further apart.^[54] After visiting the country in February 2017, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders reported that "the already challenging environment has turned into a total crisis."^[55]

• The government's definition of acceptable NGO activities continued to shrink, as Transparency Azerbaijan (TA), the local chapter of the international anticorruption NGO Transparency International, announced it would cease operations in August.^[56] The chapter had faced significant criticism in recent years for its highly technical and apolitical approach to transparency, as well as its director's participation in a show trial of the activists Leyla and Arif Yunus.^[57] Articles attacking the staff of the Women's Association for Rational Development (WARD), a widely respected NGO working on gender development, began to appear in progovernment media outlets in September.^[58]

• From 15 to 30 September, Baku police detained at least 86 – and as many as several hundred – LGBT people in raids on clubs, bars, and apartments, as well as in random stops on the street.^[59] Authorities forcibly shaved transwomen's heads, and several detainees were subjected to forced medical tests for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Those detained reported being tortured with electric shocks, subjected to beatings, forced to turn over the contacts of their LGBT friends, pressured to name influential people with whom they had had sex, and denied access to lawyers or their families.^[60] Exact figures are difficult to discern, as only 56 people were officially charged.^[61] Many of the detainees told lawyers and local activists that, rather than to a police station, police had taken them to the much-feared Department of Combatting Organized Crime, where they were pressured to provide details of sexual relations with wealthy and powerful individuals. The purpose of the crackdown is still unknown, but analysts theorize it was an attempt to curry favor with conservative religious communities, or to distract attention from the Azerbaijani Laundromat investigation.^[62]

• Two hundred changes to the tax code came into force in January, greatly limiting the abilities of NGOs and their legal subsidiaries to make payments in cash and imposing harsh fines for noncompliance. The changes were ostensibly part of an anticorruption campaign; however, the technical improvements in banking infrastructure required for full compliance to be a realistic possibility did not accompany the tax amendments.^[63]

• Despite the increased security measures, several small protests against local authorities did break out during the year, including a protest by doctors in Ganja against budget cuts.^[64] But with the right to freedom of assembly severely curtailed, activists used social media to pressure local governments into overturning unpopular decisions. They succeeded in the custody case of a 10-year-old in Quba,^[65] as well as in the reinstatement of two teachers from Neftchala District who had been fired for publicly expressing support of opposition political parties.^[66]

• In March, Amnesty International revealed that Azerbaijan had been using homemade malware to spy on the digital activities of dissidents and activists since at least November 2015.^[67] Aside from surveillance, the malware was also used to steal personal photos, which were then uploaded to fake accounts on social media as part of a broader campaign to harass and dissuade activists from using Facebook to organize and disseminate information.^[68]

• Throughout the year, activists for the opposition groups Müsavat and Popular Front Party were regularly detained for unclear reasons and sentenced to 20- and 30-day administrative arrests.^[69] While the authorities permitted an opposition coalition to hold a large anticorruption rally on 23 September, six activists were preemptively detained and more than a hundred were summoned to police stations beforehand and warned not to attend.^[70] The police allegedly used facial recognition technology to identify attendees, and fined, detained, or otherwise punished at least 76 individuals.^[71] By early November, several attendees reported being fired from their workplace as punishment for attending the rally.^[72] Religious groups that operate outside of state-sanctioned religious authorities continue to face pressure, although it is applied unevenly as the state attempts to maintain good relations with its fellow Muslim states. In January, 17 conservative Shi'ite activists were sentenced to lengthy prison terms up to 20 years for their part in the so-called Nardaran Affair.^[73] Fourteen of these activists were pardoned in September, while the town of Nardaran itself remains off limits to those without local residence permits.^[74] In July, Shi'ite cleric Sardar Babayev became the first Azerbaijani to be prosecuted under a 2015 law retroactively outlawing preaching by those who received a religious education abroad. The Masalli District Court sentenced Babayev, who had studied in Iran, to three years' imprisonment.^[75]

• In April, hundreds of believers rallied in Baku's Sovetsky neighborhood to save its historic Haji Javad mosque, only to see it demolished in the middle of the night on 1 July.^[76] The demolition was part of a continued razing of the historic, centrally located district to make way for high-rise apartments and shops.^[77] Shortly before an opposition rally scheduled for 28 October, the State Security Service of Azerbaijan claimed it had killed a group of religious extremists who had been planning to disrupt the demonstration with an unspecified terrorist attack.^[78] In line with nearly all announcements of this kind, the official statement lacked many details, no suspects survived their encounter with the government to offer a counter-narrative, and no additional reporting was ever made public. Opposition leaders accused the state of fabricating the incident to justify future restrictions on freedom of association.^[79]

• More than two decades since the open phase of the conflict with Armenia over the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region, Azerbaijan has failed so far to integrate its 621,585 internally displaced people (IDPs).^[80] From December 2016 through February 2017, IDPs in Baku's Yasamal District, the Baku suburb of Khirdalan, and in Bilasuvar region protested against the government's decision to replace the provision of free utilities to IDPs with a monthly stipend, which the IDPs argued was insufficient to cover their new gas and electricity bills.^[81] Although the protests ostensibly concerned utility payments, long-standing dissatisfaction among IDPs over poor living conditions and a state that seems disinterested in ever integrating them fully into Azerbaijani society were contributing factors.^[82] The government eventually agreed to pay all utilities until IDPs were resettled into permanent housing, but also sentenced two IDPs from Bilasuvar to one and a half years in prison for their part in the utility protests.^[83] Perhaps hoping to prevent recurring IDP protests in an election year, the government publicly admitted in November that 4,600 IDP families were living in unacceptable housing and announced plans to double the budget for IDP support programs in 2018.^[84]

Independent Media:

• The state further restricted freedom of the media in the past year, most notably by blocking access to independent online media outlets, including Meydan TV, Azadliq.info, and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, in late March.^[85] The state used technology similar to Russia's SORM to prevent users in Azerbaijan from accessing any of the sites, and also blocked foreign websites reporting on the Azerbaijani Laundromat.^[86] The targeted media outlets have managed to continue to operate by posting stories in their entirety on Facebook and advertising unblocked mirror sites on social media, as well as publishing instructions on how to use VPNs or the Tor browser to circumvent the government's blockade.^[87] However, the outlets' website traffic has diminished.

• In March, Azerbaijan's parliament amended two laws governing online information and telecommunications. These amendments expanded the definition of prohibited information and materials, permit authorities to request a website's user data, and provide a legal basis for blocking websites that fail to comply.^[88] The law was passed several months after independent media outlets first noticed efforts to block their websites in the country,^[89] and steps taken by the authorities to retroactively justify the blockade have not complied with procedures required by the law.^[90] A December attempt by the affected organizations to challenge the ban in domestic courts has been unsuccessful.^[91]

• Between August and December, the last remaining independent media company inside Azerbaijan, Turan News Agency, was at serious risk of closure,^[92] and in August, Turan's director, Mehman Aliyev, was placed in pretrial detention facing a seven-year prison term on questionable charges of tax evasion.^[93] After pressure from European institutions,^[94] the threat of targeted sanctions by the United States Congress,^[95] and an uncommon appeal from the Azerbaijani cultural elite,^[96] Aliyev was released from pretrial detention in September and placed under house arrest; the charges were dropped on 2 November.^[97] After a number of unexplained false starts and reversals, the government dropped all charges against Turan News Agency, as well, in October. For reasons it did not publicly explain, the Ministry of Taxes repeatedly declined to provide the court with documentation indicating the tax debt in question had been forgiven or resolved,^[98] and the case dragged on until the Baku Administrative Economic Court No. 1 formally rejected the ministry's claim on 19 December.^[99]

• On 9 January, Baku police detained the popular blogger and photojournalist Mehman Huseynov without cause; Huseynov was questioned about his activities and tortured until he lost consciousness.^[100] The 26-year-old had built a large following with his Facebook blog "Sancaq," which highlighted stories of corruption and abuse of resources by government officials. Azerbaijani authorities had threatened Huseynov and ordered him to stop his activities several times in recent years, including previous detention and warnings by security services and a ban on traveling internationally since 2012.^[101] Upon his release, he filed a complaint and spoke publicly about his ordeal, but was instead charged with defaming the police department that abducted him. He lost his case and was sentenced to two years' imprisonment in March.^[102] Two appeals to higher courts have been denied, most recently on 15 December.^[103]

• On 29 May, the investigative journalist Afgan Mukhtarli was abducted in Tbilisi, Georgia, while walking home in the evening after meeting a friend. According to Mukhtarli, Georgian-speaking abductors placed a bag over his head, beat him, and drove him to the Azerbaijani border, where he was handed over to Azerbaijani security services and accused of attempting to smuggle €10,000 ($11,800) across the border.^[104] The case caused a furor in Georgia and internationally, especially after Georgian journalists discovered that surveillance cameras that would have filmed Mukhtarli's abduction had been erased or doctored, apparently by the Ministry of Internal Affairs.^[105] His trial was assigned to Balakan District Court in northwestern Azerbaijan, forcing his legal team and journalists to make a 12-hour round trip by car in order to participate. Journalists who made the trip were routinely denied access to the courtroom, and Mukhtarli's lawyers found their motions almost universally denied throughout his trial, including attempts to move him to house arrest, sit with his lawyers, and attend the funeral of three relatives who died in an accident on 31 December.^[106]

• The journalist Khadija Ismayilova continues to be barred from traveling internationally, and thus in September was prevented from personally accepting the Right Livelihood Award, often referred to as the "Alternative Nobel Prize," in Sweden.^[107] Ismayilova used the ban as an opportunity to discuss EU-Azerbaijani relations, pointing out that the Swedish government's public criticism of her travel ban was undermined by the government's less-public decision to arrange meetings between Swedish industry and scandal-prone Azerbaijani entities, such as Azercell and the Ministry of Transport, Communications, and High Technologies.^[108]

• State pressure is not limited to high-profile journalists; anyone who publicly criticizes even local authorities is at risk. Notable examples are Jam.az editor Fikret Faramazoglu, who was sentenced in June to seven years' imprisonment on charges of extortion, and Nijat Amiraslanov, a freelance journalist who reportedly lost all his teeth during a 30-day administrative sentence for a Facebook post.^[109] Aziz Orujov, director of the online television channel Kanal 13, was arrested in June, charged with crimes related to failing to properly register grants received from abroad, and sentenced to six years' imprisonment in December.^[110] A journalist who traveled to the line of contact with Armenia to report on ceasefire violations was abducted by Azerbaijani soldiers, held incommunicado, tortured, and eventually forced to flee the country.^[111] Many journalists, both independent and employees of the formerly regime-friendly ANS TV, working inside Azerbaijan continue to be banned from international travel.^[112]

• Continuing a practice used against foreign-based reporters from Meydan TV and Azadliq in recent years, Baku police in February harassed and intimidated relatives of a Netherlands-based journalist, Orduhan Temirhan, in an attempt to stop his reporting.^[113] In November, the brother of another Netherlands-based journalist, Turkel Azerturk, was arrested on drug trafficking charges.^[114]

• Azerbaijan is one of several authoritarian states that requests frivolous Interpol Red Notices in order to harass foreign-based dissidents and journalists.^[115] On 14 October, the journalist Fikret Huseynli was detained at Kyiv's Boryspil Airport on a Red Notice accusing him of "falsifying documents" and other charges.^[116] Huseynli, who had fled Azerbaijan for Europe in 2006 after a vicious attack, spent two weeks in a Ukrainian jail before being released on bail. He remains in Ukraine while his case makes its way through the Ukrainian courts.^[117]

• No Red Notice was needed to persuade Belarus to extradite the Russian-Israeli blogger Alexander Lapshin to Azerbaijan. Lapshin was arrested in Minsk at the request of Azerbaijan, who had sought to punish him for embarrassing the government by blogging about a trip he made to Azerbaijan despite being on the official blacklist of foreigners barred from entering the country for visiting Nagorno-Karabakh. Lapshin, who also holds Ukrainian citizenship, had avoided the Azerbaijani authorities' attention by traveling on his Ukrainian passport, which contained an alternate spelling of his name allowing him to enter Azerbaijan without being detected on the blacklist.^[118] He also wrote two blog posts expressing sympathy for Nagorno-Karabakh independence.^[119] Lapshin was released on 13 September after receiving a presidential pardon, and subsequently resumed his criticism of the Azerbaijani government from abroad.^[120]

• The overall financial health of the media is poor in Azerbaijan. Only government-approved publishers have access to the print media market, as the last independent newspaper ceased print publication in 2014 after financial pressure from the government forced it into insolvency.^[121] There are a variety of independent media outlets, but those that become too critical or popular risk being blocked by the government, and ad revenues for Azerbaijan are too low to sustain a niche website.^[122] The government has sought to alleviate the problem by providing journalists with free publicly funded housing, but the program has come under significant domestic and international criticism for its opaque selection system and arguments that free government housing represents a clear conflict of interest.^[123] Much of the vibrant political and social debate that is normally found in media outlets is conducted on Facebook, either openly and earnestly by the older generation or among the young via deliberately obscure memes.^[124]

Local Democratic Governance:

• Political power in Azerbaijan is heavily concentrated in Baku and primarily in the executive branch. The constitutional amendments in 2016 only served to further concentrate authority in the office of the president.^[125] Outside of the capital, the level of local control depends on the local executive's personal relationship with the president. Most famously, the Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan is still controlled by the autocratic Vasif Talibov, a longtime Aliyev family loyalist who made international news in 2017 by publishing a list of 30 books that every citizen should read, and decreeing that they be placed in every school and library in the autonomous republic.^[126] The majority Sunni regions on the border of Dagestan continue to be largely closed to outside scrutiny, and news of developments there is nearly impossible to come by.

• Although the federal government has moved to lessen the cost of corruption on international business, most notably by reforming a deeply corrupt customs regime at major international ports last year, it has not shown interest in demanding similar reforms in the regions.^[127] The customs reforms were not extended to Azerbaijan's border with Dagestan, where mandatory bribes by officials on both sides contributed to rising tensions at border checkpoints. In April, clashes broke out between Azerbaijani and Daghestani truckers over the former's lack of interest in joining in the latter's strike over new road taxes.^[128]

• In the aftermath of protests against worsening economic conditions and high prices in 2016, local governments reacted by increasing surveillance and drafting local volunteers into informal militias to monitor residents for signs of further unrest.^[129] Travel by Baku-based activists to the regions is viewed with more suspicion than in the past. In April, local authorities briefly detained human rights activist Bashir Suleymanli and questioned members of his family about the purpose of his personal visits in the regions.^[130]

• There were scattered reports in local media suggesting that local authorities had resorted to Soviet-era compulsory labor practices to meet unrealistically high cotton quotas set by the national government. The Ministry of Agriculture admitted that students and hospital employees had participated in the cotton harvest, but insisted all work was vvoluntary and undertaken during the workers' free time.^[131] Rumors of forced labor persisted throughout the year, and although about two and a half as much cotton was collected in 2017 as in 2016, the state fell more than 60,000 tons short of its goal of 270,000 tons.^[132] Agriculture experts and economists warned that the state's singular focus on cotton left too little land for growing feed for livestock, which in turn made Azerbaijani meat and dairy products expensive domestically and uncompetitive internationally.^[133]

Judicial Framework and Independence:

• Both the Azerbaijani judicial system and bar association are under the de facto control of the executive branch, and international observers have noted multiple systemic problems, including the harassment of lawyers, unfair disciplinary procedures, and a politicized bar admission system that severely limits the number of lawyers.^[134] Human rights lawyers regularly complain about court procedures being ignored and verdicts that are either not based on or directly contradict witness testimony in political cases. Few lawyers are willing to take sensitive cases, and those that do often face disbarment, harassment, and obtrusive surveillance.

• Politicized disbarment remains a serious problem. In August, the lawyer Yalchin Imanov was referred to the state bar disciplinary committee after he publicized an imprisoned client's allegations of torture by prison authorities;^[135] in November, the disciplinary committee disbarred Imanov.^[136] In February, lawyer Elchin Sadigov complained of regular harassment by police and security services related to his human rights work.^[137] On 31 October, Azerbaijan's parliament adopted legislation that would decimate the country's legal profession by disbarring approximately 90 percent of practicing lawyers, and leaving an estimated 934 government-approved attorneys to advocate in a country of 10 million people. Police reportedly summoned numerous lawyers in the hours after the bill was adopted and told them they would face fines or imprisonment if they continued practicing law.^[138] The law was signed by President Aliyev and went into force on 1 January 2018.^[139]

• Although Azerbaijan often complies with the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), it habitually fails to do so in high-profile political cases, most notably regarding the continued imprisonment of opposition leader Ilgar Mammadov, who remains in prison despite a 2014 ECtHR ruling ordering his release.^[140] Following the publication of the Azerbaijani Laundromat investigation, the CoE invoked Article 46 of its charter and began proceedings to formally condemn Azerbaijan for noncompliance. Azerbaijan insists it complied with the decision by paying compensation to Mammadov in 2015, but Mammadov's family has been unable to collect said compensation because prison authorities have not allowed Mammadov to meet with a lawyer to hand over power of attorney.^[141] Mammadov's case is commonly described as a "test case" of the CoE's ability to enforce major ECtHR decisions, and the outcome of the case is likely to have repercussions far beyond Azerbaijan.^[142]

• Azerbaijan became the latest authoritarian country to abuse Interpol's Red Notice system, in June requesting a Red Notice for Leyla and Arif Yunus, two human rights activists and former political prisoners who currently reside in the Netherlands.^[143] Interpol appears to have quietly refused the request after international pressure from the Yunuses' legal team. In July, the journalist Fikret Huseynli was detained in Kyiv on the basis of an Azerbaijan-issued Red Notice, and after two weeks' imprisonment was released on bail while his case proceeds through the Ukrainian courts.

• Prison conditions vary widely across Azerbaijani penitentiaries, but the food, heating, and clothing provided are all generally poor, and inmates' families are expected to supply basic necessities. According to the lawyers of imprisoned activists, journalists, and religious leaders, the already deplorable prison conditions have worsened in the past year, and reports of hunger strikes protesting torture, death threats from prison staff, and intolerable prison conditions are now commonplace in Azerbaijani media.^[144] The abducted journalist Afgan Mukhtarli, a type 2 diabetic, has complained of receiving substandard medical care that has aggravated his condition. The court has rejected his lawyers' repeated requests to release him to home detention in order to seek better treatment.^[145] Mukhtarli has reportedly lost at least 21 kilograms since his abduction in June.^[146]

• Two high-profile prisoners died by suicide in 2017, according to authorities. Blogger Mehman Qalandarov allegedly hanged himself in his cell on 28 April, less than 10 days before the end of his pretrial detention on drug charges.^[147] Qalandarov was arrested shortly after publishing a Facebook post in support of the political prisoner Qiyas Ibragimov, and the murky circumstances surrounding his death prompted the U.S. State Department to press Azerbaijan, unsuccessfully, to investigate the matter.^[148] A former police colonel who had been serving a life sentence since 2007 also committed suicide under unclear circumstances, although government-friendly media hinted he had been suffering from tuberculosis.^[149]

• The response from Azerbaijani authorities to public complaints on prison conditions grew more severe as the year moved on. In June, prison authorities agreed to meet the demands of youth activist Bayram Mamedov in order to end his hunger strike, seemingly signaling willingness by the government towards leniency in political cases.^[150] However, by August, a Baku court refused to consider a religious activist's torture complaint, and prison officials dismissed allegations of death threats against Qiyas Ibragimov, a youth activist imprisoned since 2016, out of hand.^[151] In a separate incident, Ibragimov's sentence was extended by three months and his father sentenced to eighteen months' hard labor on 18 December, both on charges of contempt of court.^[152] Both sentences were the result of the father and son protesting a judge's conduct during an appeal hearing on 5 June in Baku.^[153]

Corruption:

• Corruption remains a serious issue at every level of government and society, and Azerbaijan continues to perform poorly in comparison with its South Caucasian neighbors in international indices. Over the last several years, Azerbaijan has failed to meet the exceedingly low bars for membership in international transparency organizations but has not faced any public consequences from Western governments or international financial institutions as a result.^[154] The populace has become largely desensitized to grand corruption, although individual scandals, such as a series of car accidents caused by the children of powerful figures, still have the ability to incite anger across the country.^[155]

• In August, an investigation led by the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) and the Danish newspaper Berlingske revealed a scheme, dubbed "the Azerbaijani Laundromat," that laundered $2.9 billion over two years through European financial institutions. The money was laundered to disguise bribes to politicians, for secret payments to journalists, and to purchase luxury goods and property, among a wide range of other financial transactions that benefited the Azerbaijani elite.^[156] The investigation confirmed long-standing suspicions and allegations about the depth of Azerbaijani influence, commonly referred to as "caviar diplomacy."^[157] The origin of the funds is not entirely clear; however, approximately half came from Baktelekom MMC, an Azerbaijan-registered limited liability corporation (LLC) with a name nearly identical – but completely unrelated – to a major Azerbaijani telecom operator.^[158] The OCCRP had previously linked the corporation to Mehriban Aliyeva.^[159]

• The revelations led to the resignation of several European politicians found to have accepted funds in exchange for favorable assessments of Azerbaijani elections or votes protecting Azerbaijan in the Parliamentary Assembly of the CoE. The European Parliament called for an investigation into the "Azerbaijani Laundromat" and to research measures to prevent similar efforts by "other autocratic regimes in third countries to influence European decision-makers through illicit means."^[160] The fallout in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) was more serious, as PACE President Pedro Agramunt resigned on 6 October to avoid a debate over his removal, and the PACE Rapporteur on Azerbaijan, Alain Destexhe of Belgium, resigned on 16 September following allegations that he received funds from Azerbaijan via his own foundation. The Secretary General of the CoE announced plans to reconsider Azerbaijan's membership in the organization.^[161] The Laundromat revelations also led to a series of large anticorruption protests in Baku and the threat of targeted sanctions from the United States.^[162]

• Reporting by the OCCRP on the Azerbaijani Laundromat and a New Yorker investigation into the aborted Trump Tower Baku project separately uncovered evidence of Azerbaijan's role in helping Iran avoid the international economic sanctions aimed at curbing its nuclear program in 2006.^[163] The latter story described how the oligarch Ziya Mammadov used overpriced contracts to launder funds by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, and the former examined how a Turkish-Iranian businessman used Azerbaijani Laundromat shell companies to funnel funds out of Iran for unknown purposes. The level of the Aliyevs' complicity in either scheme is unknown.^[164]

• International investors who had poured a combined $3.3 billion into Azerbaijan's largest lender, International Bank of Azerbaijan, were forced to accept a cut of 80 percent as the bank entered insolvency in June.^[165] The collapse of the bank foreshadowed the Azerbaijani Laundromat revelations, in which the bank played a primary role.^[166] Investors were largely undeterred by a major embezzlement scandal in 2015,^[167] and appeared to believe the bank would continue to be the recipient of public largesse despite the country's ongoing economic crisis. Investors further displayed little concern about a lack of transparency at the bank, provided it continued to make its interest payments on time.^[168]

Author: Mike Runey

Mike Runey is Program Officer for Eurasia at Civil Rights Defenders, Stockholm, Sweden.

Notes:

1 Antidze, Margarita, "ADB sees Azeri economy shrinking by 1.3 percent, inflation at 14 percent in 2017", Reuters, 4 October 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-azerbaijan-economy-adb/adb-sees-azeri...

2 Sanamyan, Emil, "Azerbaijan's New Vice President(s) and its House of Clans", Eurasianet, 23 February 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/82541

3 "Only four political prisoners' names included in pardon decree covering 423 individuals", Insitute for Reporters' Freedom and Safety, 16 March 2017, https://www.irfs.org/news-feed/only-four-political-prisoners-names-included-in-pardon-decree-covering-423-individuals/; "Azerbaijan: EU Official Should Press Rights Issues", Human Rights Watch, 15 June 2017, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/15/azerbaijan-eu-official-should-press-...

4 Fuller, Liz, "Has Azerbaijan Turned a Corner?" RFE/RL, 18 September 2017, https://www.rferl.org/a/caucasus-report-has-azerbaijan-turned-a-corner/2...

5 "Caviar diplomacy: how Azerbaijan silenced the Council of Europe", European Stability Initiative, 24 May 2012, http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_document_id_131.pdf; "The Azerbaijani Laundromat", OCCRP, Accessed 18 October 2017, https://www.occrp.org/en/azerbaijanilaundromat/

6 Harding, Luke, Barr, Caelainn and Nagapetyants, Dina, "UK at centre of secret $3bn Azerbaijani money laundering and lobbying scheme", The Guardian, 4 September 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/04/uk-at-centre-of-secret-3bn...

7 "Council of Europe's Committee of Ministers launches infringement proceedings against Azerbaijan", Council of Europe press release, 5 December 2017, https://search.coe.int/directorate_of_communications/Pages/result_detail...

8 Hervey, Ginger, "Europe's human rights court struggles to lay down the law", Politico Europe, 20 September 2017, https://www.politico.eu/article/human-rights-court-ilgar-mammadov-azerba...

9 Farchy, Jack, "Azerbaijan gas loans under threat after NGO ultimatum", Financial Times, 26 October 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/dee61e6c-9b5e-11e6-8f9b-70e3cabccfae?mhq5j=e5

10 O'Byrne, David, "Azerbaijan: EBRD Gives Go Ahead for Azeri Pipeline Funding Despite "Laundromat" Allegations", Eurasianet, 18 October 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/85596

11 "EUR 1.5 billion public loan for controversial pipeline withheld", Bankwatch, 12 December 2017, https://bankwatch.org/press_release/eur-1-5-billion-public-loan-for-cont...

12 "Civil Society files a complaint with the EBRD for its Shah Deniz II loans in Azerbaijan", Crude Accountability, 12 September 2017, https://crudeaccountability.org/civil-society-filed-complaint-ebrd-regar...

13 "News media websites attacked from governmental infrastructure in Azerbaijan", VirtualRoad, 10 March 2017, https://www.qurium.org/news-media-websites-attacked-from-governmental-in...

14 "European Parliament Urges Azerbaijan To Release Detained Journalist Mukhtarli", RFE/RL, 15 June 2017, https://www.rferl.org/a/azerbaijan-georgia-detained-journalist-Mukhtarli-european-parliament/28555500.html; "Azerbaijani Journalist Gets Six-Year Sentence In Trial Condemned By Activists", RFE/RL, 13 January 2018, https://www.rferl.org/a/azerbaijan-Mukhtarli-journalist-prosecutors-eigh...

15 "Kiev court delays the announcement of the decision on the case of Fikret Huseynli", Turan News Agency, 16 January 2018, http://www.gozetci.az/article/index/8264?l=en_US

16 Lapshin, Alexander, "Какие страны оказали Азербайджану помощь в следствии по моему делу?" (Which countries assisted Azerbaijan in investigating my case?)", Puerrtto Livejournal, https://puerrtto.livejournal.com/979192.html

17 Adilgizi, Lamiya, "Is Georgia still safe for Azerbaijani dissidents?" OpenDemocracy, 24 May 2017, https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/lamiya-adilgizi/is-georgia-still...

18 Azerbaijan Says Detained Dozens Offering 'Sexual Services' Amid Reports Of Gay Arrests", RFE/RL, 2 October 2017, https://www.rferl.org/a/azerbaijan-lgbt-arrests-says-offering-sexual-services/28769781.html; "Commissioner urges Azerbaijan to investigate allegations of human rights violations of LGBT persons recently arrested and detained in Baku", Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, 16 October 2017, https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/-/commissioner-urges-azerbaijan-...

19 "Azerbaijan: torture and travesty of justice in Nardaran case", Amnesty International, 6 February 2017, https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/EUR5556332017ENGLISH.pdf

20 Runey, Mike, "Azerbaijan: State-Run Bank Default Vexes International Investors", Eurasianet, 4 June 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/83856

21 Elliott, Stuart, "Feature: Southeast European natural gas transformation takes new steps forward, Platts, 10 October 2017, https://www.platts.com/latest-news/natural-gas/london/feature-southeast-...

22 Tan, Huiling and Fujita, Akiko, "Natural gas oversupply will not last forever: industry executives", CNBC, 3 April 2017, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/03/natural-gas-oversupply-will-not-last-forever-industry-executives.html; Shiriyev, Zaur, "Oil Price and Russian Pressure Put Azerbaijan's Strategic Gas Project at Risk", Chatham House, 19 July 2017, https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/oil-price-and-russian-pressu...

23 Sanamyan, Emil, "Karabakh: More (Relative) Calm Ahead in 2018?" Eurasianet, 12 January 2018, https://eurasianet.org/s/karabakh-more-relative-calm-ahead-in-2018

24 "Азербайджан и ЕС работают над завершением переговоров по новому соглашению" (Azerbaijan and EU work on concluding negotiations on a new agreement)", Turan News Agency, 18 January 2018, http://www.turan.az/ext/news/2018/1/free/Interview/ru/68352.htm; Gurbanov, Ilgar, "Strategic Partnership Agreement: A New Chapter in EU-Azerbaijan Relations", Eurasia Daily Monitor, 22 June 2017, https://jamestown.org/program/strategic-partnership-agreement-new-chapter-eu-azerbaijan-relations/; Kucera, Joshua, "Armenia Signs Landmark Agreement with EU", Eurasianet, 24 November 2017, https://eurasianet.org/s/armenia-signs-landmark-agreement-with-eu

25 Mammadova, Surayya, "The EU and Azerbaijan: What is on the Negotiation Table?" CACI Analyst, 12 September 2017, https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13469-...

26 "Cyber attacks increasing against civil society in Azerbaijan ahead of election", AccessNow, 9 February 2018, accessnow.org/cyber-attacks-increasing-civil-society-azerbaijan-ahead-election/

27 Kucera, Joshua, "Azerbaijan: Government Watchdog Transforms Into Attack Dog", 16 March 2017, https://eurasianet.org/s/azerbaijan-government-watchdog-transforms-into-attack-dog; An example is the website's regular hostile coverage of Azeri-Turkish businessman Mubariz Mansimov: https://haqqin.az/news/116657

28 Denber, Rachel, "Another Chance to Right a Wrong in Azerbaijan", Human Rights Watch, 16 November 2017, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/16/another-chance-right-wrong-azerbaijan

29 "Azerbaijan – Opinion on the draft modifications to the Constitution submitted to the Referendum of 26 September 2016, endorsed by the Venice Commission at its 108th Plenary Session (Venice, 14-15 October 2016)", European Commission for Democracy through Law, 18 October 2016,http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD(2016)029-e; "Statement on results of the monitoring of the 16 September 2016 Referendum in Azerbaijan", Election Monitoring and Democracy Studies Centre, 27 September 2016, http://newsletter.epde.org/tl_files/EPDE/RESSOURCES/2016%20Azerbaijan%20...

30 Runey, Mike, "Azerbaijan: President Names His Wife as VP", Eurasianet, 21 February 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/82501

31 "Aliyev Appoints Wife As First Vice President Of Azerbaijan", RFE/RL, 21 February 2017, https://www.rferl.org/a/azerbaijan-aliyev-names-wife-aliyeva-vice-presid...

32 "Euro-integration Despite the Will of the President?" Meydan TV, 15 April 2017, https://www.meydan.tv/en/site/politics/22341/

33 Sanamyan, Emil, "Azerbaijan's New Vice President(s) and its House of Clans", Eurasianet, 23 February 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/82541

34 Parviz, Atakhan, "REAL пытается стать партией: кто стоит за данной организацией - политики или мелкие мошенники-грантоеды?" (REAL tries to become a party: who is behind the organization – politicians or fraudulent grant-eaters?)", 1news.az, 11 October 2017, http://www.1news.az/mobile/news/real-pytaetsya-stat-partiey-kto-stoit-za-dannoy-organizaciey---politiki-ili-melkie-moshenniki-grantoedy

35 Fuller, Liz, "Azerbaijani Political Movement Said To Have Been Suborned By Iran", RFE/RL, 31 January 2017, https://www.rferl.org/a/azerbaijan-real-movement-iran-meeting/28270497.html

36 "Уголовное преследование Натига Джафарли прекращено" (Prosecution of Natig Jafarli is ended)", Caucasian Knot, 29 August 2017, http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/308623/

37 "Court arrested Bayramli for three months on charges of smuggling", Turan News Agency, 25 May 2017, http://gozetci.az/article/index/7332

38 Article 206.3, Criminal Code of Azerbaijan, Accessed 14 October 2017, http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/az/az017en.pdf

39 "Nardaran Case: Taleh Bagirzade Receives 20 Years and Fuad Gahramanli 10 Years in Jail", Institure for Reporters' Freedom and Safety, 25 January 2017, https://www.irfs.org/news-feed/nardaran-case-taleh-bagirzade-receives-20...

40 "Azerbaijani citizen on Interpol's wanted list after falsifying documents for getting 'political shelter", Azerbaijan Press Agency, 14 December 2017, http://en.apa.az/azerbaijani-news/accidents-incidents-news/azerbaijani-c...

41 "Əli Kərimlinin bacanağı beynəlxalq axtarışa verildi (Ali Karimli's brother is wanted internationally)", Azadliq Radiosu, 15 December 2017, https://www.azadliq.org/a/eli-kerimli-rauf-huseynov/28919941.html

42 https://www.interpol.int/notice/search/wanted

43 "Rating Action: Moody's downgrades Azerbaijan's rating to Ba2, with a stable outlook, concluding review for downgrade", Moody's Investor Service, 18 August 2017, https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-downgrades-Azerbaijans-rating-to-Ba2-with-a-stable-outlook--PR_370180; "Fitch Affirms Azerbaijan at 'BB+'; Outlook Negative", Reuters, 4 August 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/fitch-affirms-azerbaijan-at-bb-outlook-n/fitch-affirms-azerbaijan-at-bb-outlook-negative-idUSFit5lsbsc; Bloss, Dave, Patrucic, Miranda, Ismayilova, Khadija, and others, "Azerbaijani Insiders Benefited from Currency Collapse", OCCRP, 6 June 2016, https://www.occrp.org/en/corruptistan/azerbaijan/2016/06/06/azerbaijani-insiders-benefited-from-currency-collapse.html; Runey, Mike, "Azerbaijan: State-Run Bank Default Vexes International Investors", Eurasianet, 4 June 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/83856

44 Adilgizi, Lamiya, "Azerbaijan: Deepening Economic Crisis Stimulating Brain Drain", Eurasianet, 3 January 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/81831; Safarova, Durna, "Azerbaijan: Banking Crisis Gives Rise to Loan Sharks", 14 August 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/84711

45 Kazimov, Seymur, "Azerbaijan's unrecognised army of unemployed", OC Media, 5 September 2017,, http://oc-media.com/azerbaijans-unrecognised-army-of-unemployed/

46 "Civil Society Platform: Cabinet's Decision Did Not Eliminate Legal Restrictions for NGOs", Turan News Agency, 21 January 2017, http://gozetci.az/article/index/6822

47 Buckley, Neil, and Hope, Kerin, "Work begins on Trans-Adriatic gas pipeline", Financial Times, 17 May, 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/da3ceeae-1c29-11e6-b286-cddde55ca122?mhq5j=e5; Shiriyev, Zaur, "Oil Price and Russian Pressure Put Azerbaijan's Strategic Gas Project at Risk", Chatham House, 19 July 2017, https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/oil-price-and-russian-pressu...

48 Connolly, Kate, and Harding, Luke, "Azerbaijan Laundromat: Merkel ally 'received cash from regime'", The Guardian, 19 September 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/19/laundromat-scandal-merkel-...

49 "Restrictions imposed by Azerbaijan compel cancellation of parliamentary election observation mission, says ODIHR Director Link", OSCE, 11 September 2015, http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/azerbaijan/181611; "Ahead of elections in Azerbaijan, silencing of independent and critical voices particularly regretful, says OSCE PA's Santos", OSCE, 27 October 2015, http://www.osce.org/pa/194636

50 Radu, Paul, Ismayilova, Khadija, and Mammadova, Madina, "The influence machine", OCCRP, 4 September 2017, https://www.occrp.org/en/azerbaijanilaundromat/the-influence-machine

51 "Opposition rally in Baku", JAM News, 8 April 2017, https://jam-news.net/?p=30623

52 Bagirova, Nailia, "Azerbaijan holds referendum to extend president's term", Reuters, 26 September 2016, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-azerbaijan-presidency-term/azerbaijan...

53 "Assessment report on the follow-up on the electoral recommendatios in Azerbaijan", Election Monitoring and Democracy Studies Center, 15 September 2017, http://www.osce.org/odihr/339521?download=true

54 "2016 CSO Sustainability Index for Central and Eastern Europe and Eurasia", USAID (20th ed., July 2017) page 36.

55 UN Human Rights Council, "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders on his mission to Azerbaijan", 20 February 2017, A/HRC/34/52/Add.3, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/58b956874.html

56 "Azerbaijan: closing down civil society", Transparency International, 10 August 2017, https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/azerbaijan_closing_down_civil_society

57 Safarova, Durna, "Azerbaijan: Suffocation of NGOs Raises Questions About Donor Strategy", Eurasianet, 10 October 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/85501; "TI Azerbaijan Director's testimony against Leyla Yunus causes controversy", Meydan TV, 1 August 2015, https://www.meydan.tv/en/site/news/7258/TI-Azerbaijan-Director%E2%80%99s...

59 "Mass Arrests and Abuse of LGBT People in Azerbaijan", Civil Rights Defenders, 22 September 2017, https://www.civilrightsdefenders.org/sv/news/mass-arrests-and-abuse-of-l...

60 Alibayli, Vusala, "This Man Says His Government Jailed Him And Tortured Him Because He Is Gay", Buzzfeed, 3 October 2017, https://www.buzzfeed.com/vusalaalibayli/lgbt-people-have-been-beaten-and...

61 Reply to Statement by Commissioner for Human Rights Nils Muiznieks by Ramil Usubov, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan, 17 October 2017, https://rm.coe.int/reply-of-te-minister-of-internal-affairs-of-azerbaija...

62 Pearce, Katy, "Gay men and trans women were suddenly rounded up in Azerbaijan. Here's why", Washington Post, 14 October 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/10/13/gay-men-an...

63 "2016 CSO Sustainability Index for Central and Eastern Europe and Eurasia", USAID (20th ed., July 2017) page 36.

64 "Doctors protesting in the second largest city of Azerbaijan", Turan News Agency, 19 January 2017, http://gozetci.az/article/index/6810

65 Ostapenko, Elena, "Социальный работник - единственный способ избежать инцидента, случившегося с Нурай Байрамзаде (Social worker – the only way to avoid the incident that happened to Nuray Bayramzadeh)", 1news.az, 16 January 2017, http://www.1news.az/news/social-nyy-rabotnik---edinstvennyy-sposob-izbez...

66 "Activist teachers reinstated at work", Turan News Agency, 26 September 2017, http://gozetci.az/article/index/7736

67 Guarnierei, Claudio, Franco, Joshua, and Anderson, Collin, "False Friends: How Fake Accounts and Crude Malware Targeted Dissidents in Azerbaijan", Amnesty Global Insights, 10 March 2017, https://medium.com/amnesty-insights/false-friends-how-fake-accounts-and-...

68 Runey, Mike, "Azerbaijan: Government Escalates Hacking Campaign Against Dissent", Eurasianet, 30 March 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/83041

69 "Активист партии "Мусават" задержан в Баку (Musavat party activist detained in Baku)", Caucasian Knot, 26 March 2017, http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/299848/; "ПНФА считает необоснованным арест активиста партии в Сумгаите (PFPA considers the arrest of party activist in Sumgayit baseless)", Caucasian Knot, 13 August 2017, http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/307632/; "Азербайджанская оппозиция назвала политическим арест Руслана Гары (Azerbaijani opposition declares the arrest of Ruslan Garaev politically motivated)", Caucasian Knot, 15 August 2017, http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/307722/; "Youth activists arrested in Ganja for 25 days", Turan News Agency, 03 August 2017, http://gozetci.az/article/index/7572

70 "Шесть оппозиционеров арестованы в Баку (Six oppositionists arrested in Baku)", Caucasian Knot, 8 October 2017, http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/310741/

71 Ismayilova, Khadija, Facebook post, 4 October 2017, https://www.facebook.com/khadija.ismayil/posts/10208054002386415; Ismayilova, Khadija, Facebook post, 25 September 2017, https://www.facebook.com/khadija.ismayil/posts/10208008619451870

72 "Opposition rally attendees fired from their jobs", Meydan TV, 6 November 2017, https://www.meydan.tv/en/site/news/26017/

73 Runey, Mike, "Azerbaijan: Show Trial Ends with Harsh Sentences for Islamic Activists", Eurasianet, 26 January 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/82126

74 Author's conversations with lawyers and activists; Fuller, Liz, "Has Azerbaijan Turned a Corner?" RFE/RL, 18 September 2017, https://www.rferl.org/a/caucasus-report-has-azerbaijan-turned-a-corner/2...

75 "Theologist Sentenced to Three Years in Prison", Meydan TV, 3 July 2017, https://www.meydan.tv/en/site/news/23929/

76 "Mosque demolished in historic Baku district despite protests", OC Media, 3 July 2017, http://oc-media.org/mosque-demolished-in-historic-baku-district-despite-...

77 Mead, Derek, "How to Erase a Neighborhood", Motherboard, 2 January 2017, https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/xygk9j/how-to-erase-a-neighborhood-5886b75ee47a7e45874c0c11

78 "В Азербайджане уничтожили готовивших теракт на митинге оппозиции экстремистов (In Azerbaijan extremists preparing a terror attack on a protest were destroyed)", Interfax, 25 October 2017, http://www.interfax.ru/world/584547

79 "Азербайджанские оппозиционеры поставили под сомнение версию о теракте на митинге (Azerbaijani opposition raised doubts about the terror attack on the rally)", Caucasian Knot, 26 October 2017,
http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/311647/

80 United Nations – Azerbaijan Partnership Framework, United Nations, June 2015, page 9.

81 "In the Yasamal district the IDPs do not allow the installation of meters", Turan News Agency, 3 February 2017, http://gozetci.az/article/index/6872?l=en_US; "Displaced people protest in Khirdalan", Turan News Agency, 8 February 2017, http://gozetci.az/article/index/6903

82 "IDPs Complain about Intolerable Living Conditions", Turan News Agency, 5 July 2017, http://gozetci.az/article/index/7485

83 "The verdict to "Prisoners of Light", Turan News Agency, 19 August 2017, http://gozetci.az/article/index/7615

84 "Nearly 4,600 IDP families in Azerbaijan currently live in homes in disrepair – MP", Azerbaijan Press Agency, 13 November 2017, http://en.apa.az/nagorno_karabakh/nearly-4-600-idp-families-in-azerbaijan-currently-live-in-homes-in-disrepair-mp.html; "Azerbaijan to almost double expenses for social security of refugees, IDPs in 2018", Trend News Agency, 13 November 2017, https://en.trend.az/business/economy/2820066.html

85 "Azerbaijan government seeks order to permanently block news websites", Committee to Protect Journalists, 28 April 2017, https://cpj.org/2017/04/azerbaijan-government-seeks-order-to-permanently...

86 Mason, Rowana, Syal, Rajeev, and Harding, Luke, "Azerbaijan hits back over 'scandalous' money laundering claims", The Guardian, 5 September 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/05/theresa-may-challenged-ove...

87 Guidelines for digital anonymity, Meydan TV, accessed October 2, 2017, https://www.meydan.tv/az/site/aboutus/7871/

88 "Azerbaijani Government Takes Big Steps to Keep Online Media under Control, as Parliament Adopts Restrictive Law related to Information", Institute for Reporters' Freedom and Safety, 10 March 2017, https://www.irfs.org/news-feed/azerbaijani-government-takes-big-steps-to...

89 "How Azerbaijan is trying to block main opposition media news", VirtualRoad, December 2016, https://www.qurium.org/how-azerbaijan-is-trying-to-block-main-opposition...

90 "The original court case notification in Azerbaijan", VirtualRoad, 30 April 2017, https://www.qurium.org/alerts/azerbaijan/the-new-court-notification-mech...

91 "Azerbaijani court upholds blocking of independent news websites", Meydan TV, 20 December 2017, https://www.meydan.tv/en/site/news/26609/

92 "Директор Turan Мехман Алиев: Всё сделано, чтобы парализовать нашу работу (Turan director Mehman Aliyev: everything was done to paralyze our work", Caucasian Knot, 25 August 2017, http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/308384/

93 "Azerbaijan: Independent News Director Jailed", Human Rights Watch, 17 August 2017, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/25/azerbaijan-independent-news-director...

94 "Statement on the arrest of Mehman Aliyev in Azerbaijan", Council of Europe, 25 August 2017, https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/news-2017/-/asset_publisher/StEVosr24H...

95 Lang, Hannah, "US pressure aids release of imprisoned Azeri journalist", Associated Press, 18 December 2017, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-bc-md--cns-azeri-journalist-20171...

96 "Turan director remains in custody despite appeal from prominent supporters", Meydan TV, 7 September 2017, https://www.meydan.tv/en/site/news/25020/

97 Lomsadze, Giorgi, "Azerbaijan's Aliyev Opens Some Prison Doors", Eurasianet, 11 September 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/85096; "OSCE welcomes dropping of criminal charges against Mehman Aliyev and Turan News Agency", Azerbaijan Press Agency, 2 November 2017, http://en.apa.az/azerbaijani-news/media-news/osce-welcomes-dropping-of-c...

98 "The Ministry of Taxes again does not submit to the court a document on the lifting of sanctions from Turan agency", Turan News Agency, 5 December 2017, http://www.turan.az/ext/news/2017/12/free/politics%20news/en/67334.htm

99 "Court Overturns Decision on Claim of Ministry of Taxes to Turan News Agency for AZN 38,000", Turan News Agency, 19 December 2017, http://gozetci.az/article/index/8185

100 "Journalist Mehman Huseynov Sentenced to Two Years on Fabricated Charges", Civil Rights Defenders, 03 March 2017, https://www.civilrightsdefenders.org/sv/news/journalist-mehman-huseynov-...

101 Denber, Rachel, " Azerbaijan's Not-So-Subtle Campaign to Stifle Protest", Human Rights Watch, 16 September 2016, https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/09/16/azerbaijans-not-so-subtle-campaign-s...

102 "Free Azerbaijani journalist Mehman Huseynov", Human Rights Watch, 2 May 2017, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/05/02/free-azerbaijani-journalist-mehman-h...

103 "Court denies Mehman Huseynov's appeal", Azerbaijan Press Agency, 15 December 2017, http://en.apa.az/azerbaijani-news/social-news/court-denies-mehman-huseyn...

104 "Exiled Journalist Abducted – Open Letter to the Georgian Prime Minister", joint letter from 23 NGOs, 15 June 2017,https://www.civilrightsdefenders.org/sv/news/statements/exiled-journalis...

105 Lomsadze, Giorgi, "Georgia Fears Reputation for Hospitality at Risk over Azerbaijani Journalist's Kidnapping", 7 June 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/83911; Baumgartner, Pete, "Georgian Furor Erupts Over Azerbaijani Dissident's Reported Abduction", RFE/RL, 8 June 2017,https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-azerbaijan-dissident-abduction-furor/28536277.html; Kokoshvili, Dato, "მუხთარლის ადვოკატი: შსს ამბობს, რომ საზღვარზე განთავსებული კამერები დაზიანებული იყო (Mukhtarli's lawyers: MIA says the cameras on the border were damaged", Netgazeti, 21 July 2017, http://netgazeti.ge/news/208876/

106 "Court turns down journalist Afgan Mukhtarli's request to attend his relatives' funeral", JAMNews, 7 January 2018, https://jam-news.net/?p=79314

107 Khadija Ismayilova Among the 4 Recipients of the "Alternative Nobel Prize", Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, 27 September 2017, https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/7042-khadija-ismayilova-among-the-4-recip...

108 "Löfven lovar kritisera Azerbajdzjan på EU-möte (Löfven promises to criticize Azerbaijan at EU meeting)", Europeaportalen, 24 November 2017, https://www.europaportalen.se/content/lofven-lovar-kritisera-azerbajdzjan-pa-eu-mote; "Sverige går inte att lita på i kampen för demokrati (Sweden cannot be trusted in the fight for democracy)", Svensak Dagbladet, 22 December 2017, https://www.svd.se/sverige-gar-inte-att-lita-pa-i-kampen-for-demokrati

109 Jardine, Bradley, "Azerbaijan's "Last Independent Media Outlet" Faces Persecution", Eurasianet, 14 August 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/84701

110 "Azerbaijani Director of Internet Television Re-arrested", Council of Europe, 18 December 2017, https://www.coe.int/en/web/media-freedom/all-alerts/-/soj/alert/27247008?desktop=true; "Director of an internet TV channel in Azerbaijan sentenced to 6 years in prison", JAMNews, 15 December 2017, https://jam-news.net/?p=76071

111 "They demanded that I say that I was an Armenian spy", Meydan TV, 6 October 2017, https://www.meydan.tv/en/site/news/25504/

112 "Journalist banned from leaving Azerbaijan", Turan News Agency, 9 January 2017, http://gozetci.az/article/index/6734; "Baku Court Upholds Ismayilova's Travel Ban", RFE/RL, 15 August 2016, https://www.rferl.org/a/azerbaijan-ismayilova-travel-ban-upheld/27923098...

113 Geybullayeva, Arzu, "Azerbaijan: Tbilisi Arrest Highlights Crackdowns on Remote Opposition", Eurasianet, 7 June 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/83906

114 "Another wave of trials of independent journalists in Azerbaijan", Reporters without Borders, 14 December 2017, https://rsf.org/en/news/another-wave-trials-independent-journalists-azer...

115 Geybullayeva, Arzu. "Revenge by red notice: how Azerbaijan targets its critics abroad", OpenDemocracy, 23 October 2017. https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/arzu-geybulla/revenge-by-red-not...

116 "Ukraine arrests second journalist on Interpol red notice", Reporters without Borders, 18 October 2017, https://rsf.org/en/news/ukraine-arrests-second-journalist-interpol-red-n...

117 "Azerbaijani opposition journalist released on bail", RFE/RL, 27 October 2017, https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-azerbaijan-journalist-huseynli-freed-on-...

118 Alex Dackevych, "The blogger jailed for visiting a country that 'doesn't exist'", BBC World News, 7 February 2017, http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-38804499

119 "Belarus Extradites Russian Blogger To Azerbaijan", RFE/RL, 7 February 2017, https://www.rferl.org/a/belarus-russian-israeli-blogger-lapshin-court-up...

120 Kucera, Joshua, "Newly Released Blogger Airs Grievances Against Azerbaijan", Eurasianet, 16 September 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/85176

121 Aliaksandrau, Andrei, "Azadliq eduitor not hopeful for future of Azerbaijan's last independent daily", Index on Censorship, 4 August 2014, https://www.indexoncensorship.org/2014/08/azerbaijan-last-independent-da...

122 Historical estimates of Google Adsense revenues show Azerbaijani users rarely, if ever, have earned more than $0.01 per click. Example: https://talktopoint.com/google-adsense-cpc-rates-by-country/

123 Adilgizi, Lamiya, " Azerbaijan: Journalist Apartment Give-Away Faces Criticism Over Selection Process", Eurasianet, 13 September 2017, https://eurasianet.org/s/azerbaijan-journalist-apartment-give-away-faces-criticism-over-selection-process; "A list containing the names of journalists granted housing by Azerbaijani government made public", JAMNews, 20 July 2017, https://jam-news.net/?p=50182

124 For an example see Spicy Azerbaijan memes from Vasmoy bazaar: https://www.facebook.com/vasmoy69420/

125 Geybullayeva, Arzu, "Azerbaijan: autocracy, before and after the referendum", Osservatorio balcani e caucaso, 29 September 2016, https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Azerbaijan/Azerbaijan-autocracy...

126 "Azerbaijani provincial authority publishes a list of 30 must-read books", JAM News, 29 August 2017, https://jam-news.net/?p=56286; "Citizens in Azeri exclave told to read Hemingway" BBC News, 30 August 2017, http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-41094703

127 Farchy, Jack, "Aiming to please", Financial Times, 28 August 2016, https://www.ft.com/content/d89d55ae-6b73-11e6-a0b1-d87a9fea034f

128 Mirmaksumova, Aida, "Dagestan's long-distance truckers are fighting for their rights", OpenDemocracy, 13 April 2017, https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/aida-mirmaksumova/dagestan-s-tru...

129 "Authorities in Azerbaijan use jail, militia to stifle protest movement", Reuters, 18 April 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-azerbaijan-politics/authorities-in-az...

130 "Stop the ongoing harassment of activists' family in Azerbaijan", Civil Rights Defenders, 24 April 2017, https://www.civilrightsdefenders.org/news/stop-the-ongoing-harassment-of-activists-family-in-azerbaijan/

131 Geybullayeva, Arzu, "Azerbaijan: Using Soviet Methods to Revive Cotton Industry", Eurasianet, 13 January 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/81971

132 "Development of cotton growing in Azerbaijan", CBC.az, 15 July 2017, http://cbc.az/en/en/news/development-of-cotton-growing-in-azerbaijan1500104293; "Cotton production grows in Azerbaijan", Trend News Agency, 10 January 2018, https://en.trend.az/business/economy/2845721.html

133 "Əti, yağı bahalandıran... pambıqdı [Ekspert rəyi] [Meat, the price of oil ... and cotton (expert opinion)]", Azadliq Radiosu, 22 October 2017, https://www.azadliq.org/a/et-yaq-baha-pambiq/28808926.html

134 "Defenseless defenders: systemic problems in the legal profession of Azerbaijan", International Commission of Jurists, 2016, pages 41-43.

135 "EHRAC and ICJ urge UN Special Rapporteurs to prevent disbarment of Azerbaijani human rights lawyer Yalchin Imanov", European Human Rights Advocacy Centre, 25 September 2017, http://ehrac.org.uk/news/ehrac-icj-urge-un-special-rapporteurs-prevent-d...

136 Gogia, Giorgi, "Lawyer Disbarred in Azerbaijan After Filing Torture Complaint", Human Rights Watch, 27 November 2017, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/27/lawyer-disbarred-azerbaijan-after-fi...

137 "Lawyer Elchin Sadigov Reports Being Threatened and Harassed", Institute for Reporters' Freedom and Safety, 7 February 2017,https://www.irfs.org/news-feed/lawyer-elchin-sadigov-reports-being-threa...

138 Mike Runey, "Azerbaijan Moves to Drastically Cut Number of Lawyers", Eurasianet, 7 November 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/85946

139 Adilgizi, Lamiya, "Azerbaijan's unlucky lawyers", openDemocracy, 21 December 2017, https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/lamiya-adilgizi/azerbaijans-unlu...

140 "Azerbaijani government refuses to pay compensation in respect of European Court decisions", Turan News Agency, 7 February 2017, http://gozetci.az/article/index/6898; "Why is the Aliyev regime so afraid of Ilgar Mammadov?" Meydan TV, 8 May 2017, https://www.meydan.tv/en/site/politics/22798/

141 Conversations between the author and Azerbaijani activists.

142 "Azerbaijan: Time for Justice for Ilgar Mammadov. The Council of Europe's Legitimacy at Stake over Azerbaijan's Persistent Non-compliance with European Court Judgment", Coalition of 44 NGOs, 22 May 2017, https://helsinki.org.ua/en/appeals/azerbaijan-time-for-justice-for-ilgar...

143 "Joint NGO appeal: Prevent misuse of INTERPOL in the case of prominent Azerbaijani human rights defenders", Coalition of 26 NGOs, 12 June 2017, http://iphronline.org/joint-ngo-appeal-prevent-misuse-interpol-case-prom...

144 "Rufat Safarov and Javid Shiraliyev Start Hunger Strike in Prison", Turan News Agency, 22 September 2017, http://gozetci.az/article/index/7706; "Суд отказался рассмотреть жалобу на пытки Аббаса Гусейнова (Court refuses to consider the torture complaint of Abbas Huseynov)", Caucasian Knot, 17 August 2017, http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/307866/; "Супруга Талеха Багирзаде заявила о применении к нему насилия в тюрьме (Wife of Taleh Bagirzade talks about the use of torture in prison)", Caucasian Knot, 6 August 2017, http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/307274/

145 "Суд отказался освободить журналиста Мухтарлы под залог [Court refuses to free journalist Mukhtarli on bail]" Caucasian Knot, 4 October 2017, http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/310543/

146 "Journalist Afgan Mukhtarly suffers from heart problems – lawyer", Turan News Agency, 9 August 2017, http://www.contact.az/ext/news/2017/8/free/Social/ru/64808.htm

147 "Death in Prison of Azerbaijani Blogger Highly Suspicious, Activists Say", Meydan TV, 30 April 2017, https://www.meydan.tv/en/site/news/22657/

148 "U.S. Calls For Transparent Investigation Into Death Of Azerbaijani Blogger", RFE/RL, 4 May 2017, https://www.rferl.org/a/azerbaijan-us-urges-transparent-investigations-b...

149 "Well-known prisoner in Azerbaijan commits suicide", JAMNews, 4 December 2017, https://jam-news.net/?p=73908; "Haji Mammadov hangs himself in prison", Info.az, 4 December 2017, http://www.infoaz.org/new/index.php/en/manset-eng/59528-color-red-haji-m...

150 "Байрам Мамедов прекратил голодовку в колонии после обещаний удовлетворить его требования (Bayram Mamedov stopped his hunger strike in prison after promises to meet his demands)", Caucasian Knot, 27 June 2017, http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/305119/

151 "ÐЗащита потребовала расследовать сведения о пытках Ибрагимова в колонии (Defense requests an investigation of torture of Ibragimov in prison)", Caucasian Knot, 10 July 2017, http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/305798/; "Осужденный активист заявил об угрозах в азербайджанской колонии (Convicted activists talks about threats in Azerbaijani prison)", Caucasian Knot, 18 August 2017, http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/307990/

152 "Qiyas İbrahimovun həbs müddəti artırıldı, atası cəzalandırıldı (Judge extended Ibragimov's sentence and punished his father)", Azadliq Radiosu, 18 December 2017, https://www.azadliq.org/a/qiyas-ibrahimov/28924291.html

153 "Hearings Begin Against Youth Activist's Father for Contempt of Court", Meydan TV, 14 July 2017, https://www.meydan.tv/en/site/news/24147/

154 "Open Government Partnership Cites Restrictions on Independent Groups", Human Rights Watch, 30 June 2017, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/30/open-government-partnership-cites-re...

155 Jardine, Bradley, "Azerbaijan: Road Deaths Involving Elite Youth Turn Political", Eurasianet, 8 August 2017, http://www.eurasianet.org/node/84671

156 "The Azerbaijani Laundromat", OCCRP, accessed 5 October 2017, https://www.occrp.org/en/azerbaijanilaundromat/

157 "Caviar Diplomacy: how Azerbaijan silenced the Council of Europe", European Stability Initiative, 24 May 2012, http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_document_id_131.pdf

158 Harding, Luke, Barr, Caelainn, and Nagapetyants, Dina, "Everything you need to know about the Azerbaijani Laundromat", The Guardian, 4 September 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/04/everything-you-need-to-kno...

159 Ismayilova, Khardija, "Businessman suspected in Italian bribery case linked to Azerbaijan's first family", OCCRP, 7 April 2017, https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/6301-businessman-suspected-in-it...

160 "MEPs call for an investigation into Azerbaijani 'Laundromat'", European Parliament press release, 13 September 2017, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20170911IPR83516/meps-c...

161 "The impact of the Azerbaijani Laundromat", Transparency International, 10 October 2017, https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/the_impact_of_the_azerbaijani_...

162 Rankin, Jennifer, "European parliament calls for investigation into 'Azerbaijani Laundromat'", The Guardian, 13 September 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/13/european-parliament-calls-...

163 Davidson, Adam, "Donald Trump's Worst Deal", The New Yorker, 13 March 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/03/13/donald-trumps-worst-deal

164 Radu, Paul, and Ismayilova, Khadija, "Notorious Laundromats Used in Iran's Anti-Sanction 'Economic Jihad'", OCCRP, 2 October 2017, https://www.occrp.org/en/azerbaijanilaundromat/notorious-laundromats-use...

165 Unmack, Neil, "Restructuring by Azerbaijan Bank Rattles Foreign Investors", New York Times, 24 May 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/24/business/dealbook/azerbaijan-bank-bon...

166 Ismayilova, Khadija, Agha, Ilgar, and Biro, Attila, "The origin of the money", OCCRP, 4 September 2017, https://www.occrp.org/en/azerbaijanilaundromat/the-origin-of-the-money

167 "Azerbaijan arrests former head of the biggest bank", Reuters, 7 December 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-azerbaijan-bank-exchief/azerbaijan-arr...

168 Gizitdinov, Nariman, and Voitova, Olga, "Azerbaijan: State-Run Bank Default Vexes International Investors", Bloomberg, 29 May 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-29/default-alarms-go-off...