Democratic Republic of the Congo

Annual Reports 342
Case Law 190
Chronologies of Events 5
Commentaries 8
Compilations 3
Concluding Observations 9
Conference Reports 4
Country Briefing Folders 2
Country News 1,767
Country Operations Plans 4
Country Profiles 6
Country Reports 591
Country/Situation Specific Position Papers 10
Court Interventions / Amicus Curiae 1
General Comments/Recommendations 1
Handbooks/Manuals 2
International Legal Instruments 2
Legal Articles/Analyses/Commentaries 20
Maps 353
Memoranda 1
Mission Reports 16
Multilateral Treaties/Agreements 4
National Decrees, Circulars, Regulation, Policy Documents 10
National Legislation 30
National Legislation Compilations/Analyses 2
Policy/Position Papers 2
Presidential Statements 63
Query Responses 1,318
Regional Reports 40
Research, Background and Discussion Papers 9
Resolutions/Recommendations/Declarations 107
Sessional Reports 10
Speeches/Statements 15
States Parties Reports 23
Statistics 3
Thematic Reports 44
UNHCR Country Updates 31

1951 Refugee Convention 2
1969 OAU Convention 2
Abduction 110
Abuse of psychiatry 5
Access to procedures 12
Access to water 7
Acts of persecution 2
Administrative courts 1
Administrative law 2
Adoption 1
Age discrimination 1
Airports 12
Albanians 6
Albinism/Persons with Albinism 18
Aliens 1
Animist 5
Anti-terrorism law 11
Appeal / Right to appeal 10
Arabs 1
Arbitrary arrest and detention 174
Armed attacks on camps 30
Armed forces / Military 299
Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements 629
Arrival 1
Assyrians 3
Asylum policy 10
Asylum-migration nexus 9
Asylum-seekers 172
Baha'i 2
Bakongo 4
Bantu 1
Banyamulenge 12
Banyarwanda 11
Batwa 16
Bedoon 4
Bemba 5
Berber 1
Border conflict 27
Border controls 6
Border crossers 11
Buddhist 11
Burden of proof 5
Burden-sharing and international co-operation 8
Cabinda 1
Camp management 4
Capacity building of state institutions 8
Catholic 19
Ceasefire 78
Cessation clauses 6
Chechen 5
Child labour 38
Child prostitution 21
Child soldiers 190
Children's rights 159
Children-at-risk 132
Christian 73
Citizenship / Nationality law 8
Civil and political rights 17
Civil war 24
Civilian character of asylum 6
Climate change (including environmental migrants) 4
Combatants / Former combatants 111
Communal conflict / Social conflict 78
Community development 1
Complementary forms of protection 4
Conflict prevention 15
Conflict resolution 68
Conflict situation 214
Constitutional law 3
Contemporary forms of slavery 11
Convention against Torture (CAT) 4
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 9
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CPRD) 1
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 11
Copts 9
Corruption 70
Country of origin information (COI) 29
Coup d'état 19
Credibility assessment 28
Crime prevention 1
Crimean Tatars 4
Crimes against humanity 71
Crimes against peace 4
Criminal justice 73
Cumulative grounds of persecution 2
Dalit 1
Death in custody 2
Death penalty 84
Decision on admissibility 3
Demobilization / Disarmament 118
Democracy 33
Denial of nationality 1
Denial of refugee status 3
Deportation / Forcible return 70
Derivative status 3
Disappeared persons 68
Discrimination based on race, nationality, ethnicity 94
Domestic violence 27
Drug trafficking 6
Druze 4
EU Qualification Directive 3
Economic, social and cultural rights 28
Effective protection 3
Effective remedy 36
Election law 5
Elections 275
Embargo 21
Emergency legislation 1
Emigrants 1
Entry / Exit 4
Equality before the law 6
Ethiopians 4
Ethnic cleansing 5
Evacuation 7
Evangelical 6
Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) 26
Exceptional leave to remain (ELR) 1
Exclusion clauses 7
Exhaustion of domestic remedies 3
Exiles 9
Expedited procedures 1
Expulsion 18
Extradition 8
Extrajudicial executions 158
Extreme poverty 14
False documents 8
Family law 2
Family reunification 14
Female genital mutilation (FGM) 29
Flight by land, air or sea 3
Forced labour 49
Forced marriage 32
Forced relocation 5
Foreign occupation 8
Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment 182
Freedom of assembly and association 166
Freedom of conscience 9
Freedom of expression 410
Freedom of information 211
Freedom of movement 66
Freedom of religion 79
Freedom of speech 163
French 1
Fresh / New claim 4
Fulani 4
Gang related violence 5
Gender discrimination 48
Gender mainstreaming 4
Gender-based persecution 29
Generalized violence 12
Genocide 19
Good governance 65
Good offices 1
Gross, systematic and large-scale 9
Group / Prima facie determination 11
HIV and AIDS 32
Harmful traditional practices 20
Hema 5
Hindu 7
Honour killings 9
Housing, land and property rights (HLP) 27
Human Rights Council 17
Human rights activists 154
Human rights and fundamental freedoms 216
Human rights courts 5
Human rights law 9
Human rights monitors 53
Humanitarian assistance 236
Humanitarian protection (including tolerated stay) 1
Hutus 43
IDP camps 44
Illegal entry 9
Illegal immigrants / Undocumented migrants 11
Immigrants 12
Immigration Detention 30
Immigration law 6
Immunity 2
Impunity 143
Income-generating projects 2
Independence of judiciary 34
Indigenous persons 28
Integration 13
Internal armed conflict 462
Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) 5
Internally displaced persons (IDPs) 597
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 5
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 3
International armed conflict 23
International courts and tribunals 80
International criminal law 29
International humanitarian law (IHL) / Geneva Conventions 40
International protection 12
Involuntary repatriation 3
Jehovah's Witness 16
Jew 6
Jurisdiction 6
Juvenile justice system 2
Kachin 2
Kasaians 3
Kikuyu 1
Kurd 43
Labour law 2
Landmines, unexploded ordnance (UXO) and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) 10
Lari 1
Legal representation / Legal aid 6
Lendu 5
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) 67
Livelihoods 18
Location of camps 64
Luba 22
Lunda, Yeke 3
Mandate status 2
Manifestly unfounded / Clearly abusive claims 5
Mass exodus 4
Maternal and child health care 8
Mbororo 1
Medical screening 2
Mental health 7
Mentally disadvantaged persons 1
Mercenaries 6
Migrant rights 12
Migrants 47
Military courts 26
Military law 9
Military operations 119
Military service / Conscientious objection / Desertion / Draft evasion / Forced conscription 71
Minorities 43
Minority rights 15
Mormon 10
Multiple nationality 7
Muslim 82
National security / Public order 13
Naturalization 1
Nepalis 1
Ngbandi 9
Nomads 1
Non-refoulement 17
Non-state agents of persecution 14
Nuba 1
Older persons 4
One-child policy / Family planning 4
Opposition 147
Orderly return 8
Oromo 1
Orthodox Christian 10
Palestinian 31
Passports 20
Pastoralists 1
Peace agreements 105
Peace process 71
Peacekeeping 359
Pentecostal 2
Persecution based on class/wealth/occupation 20
Persecution based on nationality 8
Persecution based on political opinion 147
Persecution of family members 6
Persecution on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity 35
Persons not in need of international protection 1
Persons of concern to UNHCR 10
Persons with disabilities 25
Physical harm 1
Piracy 11
Police 111
Political asylum 1
Political groups 47
Political parties 151
Political situation 435
Polygamy 3
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 4
Pre-entry procedures 2
Pre-trial detention 30
Prevention of discrimination 3
Prison or detention conditions 89
Proof of nationality 4
Property restitution 2
Prosecution vs persecution 2
Prostitution / Commercial sex work 15
Protection of camps 5
Protection of civilian persons in time of war 213
Protestant 13
Protests / Demonstrations / Riots / Civil unrest 114
Public health 68
Racial / Ethnic persecution 72
Racism / Xenophobia / Hate Crimes 8
Reception 5
Reconciliation 11
Referendum 19
Refoulement 22
Refugee / Asylum law 15
Refugee camps 127
Refugee identity documents 18
Refugee seamen 1
Refugee status determination (RSD) / Asylum procedures 26
Refugee travel documents / CTDs 19
Refugees 599
Refugees sur place 1
Regional instruments 7
Registration 4
Reintegration 39
Rejected asylum-seekers 28
Rejection at border 5
Religious discrimination 39
Religious persecution (including forced conversion) 33
Rescue at sea / Interception at sea 1
Reservation 4
Resettlement 15
Residence permits / Residency 25
Return conditions 44
Returnees 126
Right to a nationality 17
Right to development 2
Right to education 49
Right to employment 19
Right to family life 19
Right to food 24
Right to health 27
Right to justice 36
Right to leave 4
Right to liberty and security 14
Right to life 24
Right to registration at birth 5
Right to return 7
Right to seek asylum 7
Right to self-determination 10
Rights of non-citizens 4
Rohingya (Arakanese) 14
Roma 11
Rule of law / Due process / Procedural fairness 80
Rwandans 11
Safe country of origin 2
Safe third country 4
Salafi 5
Sale of children 3
Sami 1
Sanctions 29
Secondary movement 3
Security forces 218
Security situation 682
Serious non-political crime 1
Seventh Day Adventist 1
Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) 368
Sexual and reproductive rights 3
Shabak 2
Sharia law 3
Shia 31
Sindhis 1
Small arms 14
Smuggling of persons 6
Social group discrimination 24
Social group persecution 5
Somalis 1
Spontaneous return 2
Standard of proof 1
State of emergency 21
State protection 22
Statelessness 28
Statelessness Determination Procedures 1
Sunni 17
Survivors of trafficking / Persons at risk of trafficking 13
Tamil 7
Tatars 4
Temporary protection 3
Terrorism 173
Threats / Intimidation 11
Tibetan 16
Torture 36
Trafficking in persons 85
Transit 2
Transitional justice (including amnesty laws) 18
Travel documents 10
Treaties / Agreements / Charters / Protocols / Conventions / Declarations 8
Tuareg 5
Turkmen 2
Tutsis 65
UNHCR mandate 3
Uighur 25
Unaccompanied / Separated children 19
Universal Periodic Review (UPR) 10
Unlawful departure 1
Urban refugees 14
Visas 11
Voluntary repatriation 77
War crimes 124
Well-founded fear of persecution 6
Witchcraft 4
Witnesses 9
Women's rights 133
Women-at-risk 75
Work permits 13
Yazīdī 6
Zulus 1

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Position on Returns to North Kivu, South Kivu, Ituri and Adjacent Areas in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Affected by Ongoing Conflict and Violence – Update II September 2019 \| Publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) \| Document type: Country/Situation Specific Position Papers
1ère réunion tripartite entre les représentants du Gouvernement d'Angola, du Gouvernement de la République Démocratique du Congo et du Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les Réfugiés relative au rapatriement volontaire des réfugiés congolais vivant en Angola dans la Province de Lunda Norte 24 August 2019 \| Publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) \| Document type: Sessional Reports
Accord tripartite entre le Gouvernement de la République d'Angola, le Gouvernement de la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) et le Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les Réfugiés (HCR) relatif au rapatriement volontaire des réfugiés congolais vivant en Angola dans la Province de Lunda Norte 23 August 2019 \| Publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) \| Document type: Multilateral Treaties/Agreements
UNHCR Submission on Democratic Republic of the Congo: 33rd UPR Session May 2019 \| Publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) \| Document type: Commentaries
Quatrieme Réunion de la Commission Tripartite République du Congo, République Democratique du Congo & UNHCR Communique Final 21 March 2019 \| Publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) \| Document type: Multilateral Treaties/Agreements
Campaign Update, January - March 2019 March 2019 \| Publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) \| Document type: Country News
N'Djamena Initiative on the Eradication of Statelessness in Central Africa 12 December 2018 \| Publisher: UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) \| Document type: Sessional Reports
Decision N° 406222 France – Council of State rules in case concerning the execution of an ECtHR judgment by the National Court of Asylum On 3 October, the French Council of State ruled in a case concerning the rejection of the asylum application of a national of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), despite a decision by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) that considered him to be in a real risk of inhuman and degrading treatment upon return to his country. The applicant’s asylum request had been rejected both by the French Asylum Office and the National Court of Asylum. After two unsuccessful re-examination attempts, the domestic authorities issued a decision imposing an obligation on the applicant to leave the country. The applicant brought the case before the European Court of Human rights, where his claim of a possible violation of Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), upon his return to the DRC, succeeded. The applicant requested another re-examination of his case, but that request was rejected by the French Asylum Office and, on appeal, by the CNDA. It was considered that the risk of inhuman and degrading treatment could not be considered as established. The applicant sought to annul that decision before the Council of State. The Court based its reasoning on Articles 41 and 46 of the ECHR, regarding consequences of violation of a Convention right and the execution of definitive judgments. It found that the execution of a judgment by the ECtHR entails both an obligation to remedy the consequences of the violation and to eliminate its source. In addition to that, the State has to ensure the applicant receives the sums decided by the ECtHR as just satisfaction. Moreover, a decision that declares a removal as violating Article 3 ECHR constitutes a novel element that would justify the re-examination of the case. During this re-examination, the domestic authorities should refrain from executing any removal measure, while ensuring that the applicant will be protected from inhuman and degrading treatment, by being granted subsidiary protection status according to French law. The Court annulled the decision and remitted the case back to the National Court of Asylum for reconsideration. Based on an unofficial translation by the ELENA Weekly Legal Update. 3 October 2018 \| Judicial Body: France: Conseil d'Etat \| Document type: Case Law \| Legal Instrument: 1950 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) \| Topic(s): Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment - Human rights courts \| Countries: Congo, Democratic Republic of the - France
2017 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Congo, Democratic Republic of the (DRC) 20 September 2018 \| Publisher: United States Department of Labor \| Document type: Annual Reports
Congolese state TV urged to reinstate three journalists fired arbitrarily 17 September 2018 \| Publisher: Reporters Without Borders \| Document type: Country News

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