World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Russian Federation : Ossetians
Publisher | Minority Rights Group International |
Publication Date | May 2018 |
Cite as | Minority Rights Group International, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Russian Federation : Ossetians, May 2018, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749cb8c.html [accessed 24 May 2023] |
Disclaimer | This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States. |
Profile
According to the 2010 national census, there are 528,515 Ossetians living in the Russian Federation. The majority of Ossetians are Eastern Orthodox, although one group converted to Islam during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (estimated 15-30 per cent of Ossetians). Most Ossetians in the Russian Federation live in the North Ossetian Republic.
The language generally spoken by Ossetians has used, with only minor interruption, a Cyrillic script since the middle of the nineteenth century.
Historical context
The Ossetian region became part of Russia in 1774. In July 1924 the Ossetian Autonomous Oblast was created and in December 1936 it became the North Ossetian ASSR. Ossetian Muslims, the Digor, were deported in 1944 along with other Muslim peoples of the North Caucasus. Some of the survivors were allowed to return in the 1950s. The mass deportation of Ingush was followed by the abolition of the Ingush region and North Ossetia took control of the frontier districts of Ingushetia (Prigorodny district) and parts of the city of Vladikavkaz. After 1944 this area was populated by Ossetians. Despite the rehabilitation of Ingush and the restoration of their autonomy, these territories remained under North Ossetian control.
Growing tension with Ingush over the status of the land they had lost in 1944 led the Supreme Soviet of North Ossetia to suspend the citizenship rights of Ingush in September 1990. The introduction in 1991 of the Union-level 'Law on the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples' intensified the tension between Ingush and Ossetians.
In 1992 fighting flared up over disputed territory and President Yeltsin introduced a state of emergency in North Ossetia and the Ingush Republic in November 1992, and sent in thousands of troops. In 1993, conflict over the Prigorodny district continued. Over 30,000 Ingush refugees fled the area.
North Ossetia sent aid to its ethnic kin in South Ossetia to support their struggle with Georgia. This followed its declaration of independence in 1991 and the establishment of a secessionist government there, though South Ossetia still remains de jure part of Georgian territory. After the expulsion of South Ossetians from Georgia and their exit from Central Asia in the course of the Russo-Georgian War, in 1992-1993 and 2008, the majority settled in North Ossetia.
There have also been calls for the unification of the two regions, although mainly from South Ossetia. North Ossetian leaders periodically make public statements in favour of the union of North Ossetia with South Ossetia, formally part of Georgia but de facto enjoying a kind of quasi-independence.
In 1998 Aleksandr Dzasokhov, a former Communist official, became president of North Ossetia; he was re-elected in 2002. Dzasokhov's presidency was associated with the entrenchment of clan politics and corruption, one of the factors contributing to the rise of a rebel movement with ties to the Chechen resistance. Rebels carried out bombing attacks on Russian border guards, passenger trains and military targets in 2002-4.
The authority of the North Ossetian leadership was rocked by the Beslan massacre in September 2004, when a hostage-taking operation mounted by Chechen militants resulted in the deaths of over 300 people, most of them children. Residents of Beslan and regional opposition parties mounted continuous protests against Dzasokhov's leadership after the massacre. He announced his resignation on 31 May 2005. According to some analysts, Dzasokhov had also lost credibility with the Kremlin due to the prominence of corruption and clan politics in North Ossetia.
Despite its reputation as the most loyal territory to Moscow in the North Caucasus, North Ossetia was also affected by wider instability in the region during this period, suffering a number of attacks that some observers defined as an insurgency. According to reports leader of the Chechen resistance Abdul-Khalim Sadullaev designated North Ossetia a separate 'front' in the struggle against Moscow and appointed an Ossetian as commander of operations in the republic. North Ossetia was subsequently struck by a number of attacks, including an attack on an electricity substation in June 2005, an attempt to blow up gas pipelines supplying Georgia in September, an ambush of transport carrying officials from the Chechen Prosecutor's Office and an attack on Russian Interior Ministry troops in October. In February 2006 three home-made bombs went off in casinos and gambling clubs in the republican capital Vladikavkaz, killing two and wounding 25.
These developments, and the Beslan tragedy, fuelled anti-Ingush sentiment in North Ossetia, further promoted by government propaganda portraying Ingush as responsible for the attacks. Most analysts agreed this was unlikely, and that there were enough disaffected Muslim Ossetians to supply the rebel movement with manpower. This would appear to have been confirmed by reports suggesting that one of the perpetrators of the Beslan tragedy was an ethnic Ossetian.
Current issues
Though North Ossetia has suffered periodic stretches of insecurity, including a 2010 bombing in the capital Vladikavkaz that killed 17 people, levels of violence appear to have declined in recent years.
North Ossetians and South Ossetians, despite speaking the same language, are socially and culturally distinct. The presence of large numbers of South Ossetian refugees, displaced by successive waves of violence in 1991-92 and 2008, has reportedly soured relations between the two territories. North Ossetian police frequently blame South Ossetians for illegal arms trading, racketeering, robberies and other crimes.