United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

1. Following the amendment to s 82 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 ('the 2002 Act'), effective from 20 October 2014, a previous decision made by the Competent Authority within the National Referral Mechanism (made on the balance of probabilities) is not of primary relevance to the determination of an asylum appeal, despite the decisions of the Court of Appeal in AS (Afghanistan) v SSHD [2013] EWCA Civ 1469 and SSHD v MS (Pakistan) [2018] EWCA Civ 594. 2. The correct approach to determining whether a person claiming to be a victim of trafficking is entitled to asylum is to consider all the evidence in the round as at the date of hearing, applying the lower standard of proof. 3. Since 20 October 2014, there is also no right of appeal on the basis that a decision is not in accordance with the law and the grounds of appeal are limited to those set out in the amended s 82 of the 2002 Act.

29 October 2018 | Judicial Body: United Kingdom: Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) | Document type: Case Law | Topic(s): Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) - Social group persecution - Standard of proof - Trafficking in persons | Countries: Albania - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

October 2014 | Publisher: Asylum Aid | Document type: Country Reports

15 October 2012 | Judicial Body: United Kingdom: Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) | Document type: Case Law | Topic(s): Blood feuds - Social group persecution | Countries: Albania - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Heard at Field House on 29th & 30th September 2010.

11 July 2011 | Judicial Body: United Kingdom: Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) | Document type: Case Law | Topic(s): Children's rights - Country of origin information (COI) - Domestic violence - Effective protection - Gender-based persecution - Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) - Right to family life - Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) - Social group discrimination - Social group persecution - State protection - Women-at-risk | Countries: Bangladesh - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Heard at Field House on 7 December 2009 and 30 November 2010.

24 June 2011 | Judicial Body: United Kingdom: Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) | Document type: Case Law | Topic(s): Country of origin information (COI) - Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) - Non-state agents of persecution - Persecution on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity - Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) - Sexual and reproductive rights - Social group persecution | Countries: Jamaica - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Heard at Field House on 16 May 2011.

16 May 2011 | Judicial Body: United Kingdom: Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) | Document type: Case Law | Topic(s): Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) - Religious persecution (including forced conversion) - Shia - Social group persecution - Sunni | Countries: Iraq - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

On appeal from the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal.

22 March 2011 | Judicial Body: United Kingdom: Court of Appeal (England and Wales) | Document type: Case Law | Topic(s): Children's rights - Children-at-risk - Social group persecution - Unaccompanied / Separated children | Countries: Afghanistan - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

On appeal from the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal: PO (Trafficked Women) Nigeria CG [2009] UKAIT 00046.

22 February 2011 | Judicial Body: United Kingdom: Court of Appeal (England and Wales) | Document type: Case Law | Topic(s): Country of origin information (COI) - Effective protection - Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) - Non-state agents of persecution - Social group persecution - State protection - Trafficking in persons - Women-at-risk | Countries: Nigeria - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Application for judicial review.

25 January 2011 | Judicial Body: United Kingdom: Court of Session (Scotland) | Document type: Case Law | Topic(s): Fresh / New claim - Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) - Social group persecution - Trafficking in persons - Women-at-risk | Countries: Nigeria - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Petition for judicial review.

7 January 2011 | Judicial Body: United Kingdom: Court of Session (Scotland) | Document type: Case Law | Topic(s): Fresh / New claim - Gender-based persecution - Religious persecution (including forced conversion) - Right to family life - Single heads of household - Social group persecution - Women-at-risk | Countries: Nigeria - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland