Since 2011, a total of 656,170 Syrians have registered as refugees in Jordan; 79,937 of whom are currently registered in Zaatari camp, in Mafraq governorate.1 UNICEF is the lead agency for the WASH sector in Jordan, coordinating all related activities within the camp since it opened in 2012. ACTED, JEN and Oxfam have operated as key partners in the implementation of WASH activities in the camp, including delivery of treated water through a free water trucking service, the collection of waste water and solid waste, building and repair and maintenance of private WASH facilities, and hygiene promotion activities. Six years after the onset of the Syrian crisis, UNICEF, in coordination with these humanitarian organisations, has been shifting towards greater sustainability of programming. This is seen most evidently in the construction of the Zaatari Wastewater Network (WWN), which has connected every household in the camp to a common wastewater disposal system, and the simultaneous construction of private toilet facilities in each household, as a more cost-efficient and sustainable solution to WASH needs than communal facilities. This research sought to evaluate the impact of the wastewater management project conducted by UNICEF and its implementing partners on sanitation and hygiene practices in Zaatari camp, and camp residents’ perception of the adequacy of this, so as to inform future programming. This survey was divided into two phases, the first of which aimed to a) identify primary household sources of drinking water; b) assess the prevalence and suitability of private WASH infrastructure across all households;2 c) record primary wastewater and solid waste disposal practices across all households in the camp; and d) gauge perceptions of adequacy of WASH repair and maintenance (R&M) services amongst the refugee community. To supplement the assessment of private WASH infrastructure, phase two monitored structural damage to communal sewage interceptor tanks in the camp and explored reasons for damage and community awareness of potential related hygiene risks. From 12 February to 5 March 2017, a team of two REACH Project Officers and 37 Syrian cash for workers (CfW)3 assessed 12,410 households, consisting of 15,165 cases 4, and a total of 68,221 individuals that were present in the camp at the time of data collection.5 As a first step, the state of communal sewage interceptor tanks6 was evaluated. Based on these results, key Informant (KI) interviews were conducted in each of the twelve districts of the camp on the 19th and 20th of March 2017. 7 They targeted particularly the blocks where Phase 1 concrete tanks have been the most damaged so as to understand the underlying reasons for these damages. This assessment showed that the WASH programming of UNICEF and partners in Zaatari has increased the number of households with private WASH infrastructure. This implies that the shift towards longer-term, sustainable WASH programming has been successful through the construction of a waste water network and private infrastructure that has covered the camp comprehensively and been positively perceived by beneficiaries. However, there are several key gaps that emerged. In order to achieve a greater impact in terms of sanitary situation in the camp, a greater effort to tackle issues of network blockages or tank overflowing needs to be made. As Key Informants reported that the households residing in their areas were not willing or able to pay for plumber to fix households connections and septic tank issues, another solution has to be found to maintain the WWN in good condition in the long term. Given that almost one quarter of households reported that they did not know the primary WASH actor in their district, expanding outreach and beneficiary communications would ensure greater transparency and facilitate the reporting of WASH related problems towards rectifying these issues. 1 UNHCR, Inter-agency information sharing portal, last updated 16 February 2017, accessed 9 March 2017. 2 Suitability of private toilets was based on household self-reporting on 5 criteria determined by UNICEF: a network connection/ Phase 1 concrete tank, impermeable flooring, a hand-washing facility and water drainage solution, and permanent walls or curtains. 3 The cash for work (CFW) scheme in Zaatari camp has been utilized since the camp was established in July 2012, as a means to provide incentives and capacity development to refugees who volunteer for various organisations in the camp. For this assessment, REACH recruited 39 cash for workers to complete this large-scale data collection exercise, who were then supervised by REACH field staff. 4 ‘Household’ is defined as either a single or a collection of shelters inhabited by a UNHCR registered case or multiple UNHCR registered cases who share resources. The head of household is defined as holding primary responsibility for household financial resources and decision-making. A ‘case is considered the principal family unit upon registration as a ‘person(s) of concern’ with UNHCR. 5 All households in the camp were approached. Where no respondent was available, a further two additional visits were conducted on different days and at different times to allow the opportunity to be included. 914 households in the camp were not able to be assessed after three attempts by enumerators. Findings are thus representative of the assessed camp population at the time of data collection, and are not necessarily reflective of the entire camp population. 6 These are prefabricated reinforced concrete (PRC) circular tanks. They are partitioned to allow solids to be trapped in one compartment and liquid (solid free) to over flow into the other chamber and into the network downstream. The interceptor tanks are of 8m3, 4m3 and 2.5m3 capacities. 7 Zaatari camp is divided into 12 districts, which are subdivided into blocks. The delineations were made with the purpose of designing a household address

The primary objective of this assessment is to identify priority winter needs for families in Zaatari camp across multiple areas: cash and non-food item (NFI) distributions, food access and availability, WASH, and shelter maintenance. This information will inform UNHCR and partners’ winter assistance distributions, providing an evidence base upon which the type and scope of assistance needed can be determined. The specific objectives of this assessment are:  Assess the extent to which families currently possess working heaters, suitable children’s clothing, and other winter items  Assess the perceived need for shelter maintenance assistance for winter 2016  Assess the extent to which severe weather affects access to water and sanitation services  Assess the extent to which severe weather affects access to food markets and availability of certain items  Assess the extent to which families currently feel prepared for winter 2016  Identify trends across the 2014, 2015, 2016 Winterization assessments regarding priority winter needs

Since 2011, a total of 656,170 Syrians have registered as refugees in Jordan; 79,937 of whom are currently registered in Zaatari camp, in Mafraq governorate.1 UNICEF is the lead agency for the WASH sector in Jordan, coordinating all related activities within the camp since it opened in 2012. ACTED, JEN and Oxfam have operated as key partners in the implementation of WASH activities in the camp, including delivery of treated water through a free water trucking service, the collection of waste water and solid waste, building and repair and maintenance of private WASH facilities, and hygiene promotion activities. Six years after the onset of the Syrian crisis, UNICEF, in coordination with these humanitarian organisations, has been shifting towards greater sustainability of programming. This is seen most evidently in the construction of the Zaatari Wastewater Network (WWN), which has connected every household in the camp to a common wastewater disposal system, and the simultaneous construction of private toilet facilities in each household, as a more cost-efficient and sustainable solution to WASH needs than communal facilities. This research sought to evaluate the impact of the wastewater management project conducted by UNICEF and its implementing partners on sanitation and hygiene practices in Zaatari camp, and camp residents’ perception of the adequacy of this, so as to inform future programming. This survey was divided into two phases, the first of which aimed to a) identify primary household sources of drinking water; b) assess the prevalence and suitability of private WASH infrastructure across all households;2 c) record primary wastewater and solid waste disposal practices across all households in the camp; and d) gauge perceptions of adequacy of WASH repair and maintenance (R&M) services amongst the refugee community. To supplement the assessment of private WASH infrastructure, phase two monitored structural damage to communal sewage interceptor tanks in the camp and explored reasons for damage and community awareness of potential related hygiene risks. From 12 February to 5 March 2017, a team of two REACH Project Officers and 37 Syrian cash for workers (CfW)3 assessed 12,410 households, consisting of 15,165 cases 4, and a total of 68,221 individuals that were present in the camp at the time of data collection.5 As a first step, the state of communal sewage interceptor tanks6 was evaluated. Based on these results, key Informant (KI) interviews were conducted in each of the twelve districts of the camp on the 19th and 20th of March 2017. 7 They targeted particularly the blocks where Phase 1 concrete tanks have been the most damaged so as to understand the underlying reasons for these damages. This assessment showed that the WASH programming of UNICEF and partners in Zaatari has increased the number of households with private WASH infrastructure. This implies that the shift towards longer-term, sustainable WASH programming has been successful through the construction of a waste water network and private infrastructure that has covered the camp comprehensively and been positively perceived by beneficiaries. However, there are several key gaps that emerged. In order to achieve a greater impact in terms of sanitary situation in the camp, a greater effort to tackle issues of network blockages or tank overflowing needs to be made. As Key Informants reported that the households residing in their areas were not willing or able to pay for plumber to fix households connections and septic tank issues, another solution has to be found to maintain the WWN in good condition in the long term. Given that almost one quarter of households reported that they did not know the primary WASH actor in their district, expanding outreach and beneficiary communications would ensure greater transparency and facilitate the reporting of WASH related problems towards rectifying these issues. 1 UNHCR, Inter-agency information sharing portal, last updated 16 February 2017, accessed 9 March 2017. 2 Suitability of private toilets was based on household self-reporting on 5 criteria determined by UNICEF: a network connection/ Phase 1 concrete tank, impermeable flooring, a hand-washing facility and water drainage solution, and permanent walls or curtains. 3 The cash for work (CFW) scheme in Zaatari camp has been utilized since the camp was established in July 2012, as a means to provide incentives and capacity development to refugees who volunteer for various organisations in the camp. For this assessment, REACH recruited 39 cash for workers to complete this large-scale data collection exercise, who were then supervised by REACH field staff. 4 ‘Household’ is defined as either a single or a collection of shelters inhabited by a UNHCR registered case or multiple UNHCR registered cases who share resources. The head of household is defined as holding primary responsibility for household financial resources and decision-making. A ‘case is considered the principal family unit upon registration as a ‘person(s) of concern’ with UNHCR. 5 All households in the camp were approached. Where no respondent was available, a further two additional visits were conducted on different days and at different times to allow the opportunity to be included. 914 households in the camp were not able to be assessed after three attempts by enumerators. Findings are thus representative of the assessed camp population at the time of data collection, and are not necessarily reflective of the entire camp population. 6 These are prefabricated reinforced concrete (PRC) circular tanks. They are partitioned to allow solids to be trapped in one compartment and liquid (solid free) to over flow into the other chamber and into the network downstream. The interceptor tanks are of 8m3, 4m3 and 2.5m3 capacities. 7 Zaatari camp is divided into 12 districts, which are subdivided into blocks. The delineations were made with the purpose of designing a household address

The primary objective of this assessment is to identify priority winter needs for families in Zaatari camp across multiple areas: cash and non-food item (NFI) distributions, food access and availability, WASH, and shelter maintenance. This information will inform UNHCR and partners’ winter assistance distributions, providing an evidence base upon which the type and scope of assistance needed can be determined. The specific objectives of this assessment are:  Assess the extent to which families currently possess working heaters, suitable children’s clothing, and other winter items  Assess the perceived need for shelter maintenance assistance for winter 2016  Assess the extent to which severe weather affects access to water and sanitation services  Assess the extent to which severe weather affects access to food markets and availability of certain items  Assess the extent to which families currently feel prepared for winter 2016  Identify trends across the 2014, 2015, 2016 Winterization assessments regarding priority winter needs

Since its establishment in July 2012, following the onset of the Syria crisis, the population of Zaatari camp has experienced regular fluctuations due to temporary and permanent movements into and out of the camp. UNHCR monitors the camp population through regular analysis of the number of individuals registered in the camp. This information, which is updated at least once a month, fluctuates according to the number of new arrivals, formal departures, deaths, and births in the camp. It is key for guiding camp-wide programming and planning the provision of services and assistance to the community. To complement UNHCR’s comprehensive monitoring of Zaatari camp’s population, UNICEF, in collaboration with REACH, conducts population counts to provide UNICEF a detailed demographic and spatial breakdown of the camp population at the district and block level2 at a single point in time. To date, six population counts have been conducted in Zaatari camp, the first of which occurred in May/June 2013 and the most recent in December 2015. UNICEF requires up to date and accurate population data for cost and implementation efficacy. Block level data is particularly important, since much WASH programming is conducted at the block level, including the delivery of water across the camp and planning for the implementation of a waste water network. REACH, in partnership with UNICEF, conducted a population count on 13-23 December 2015. In order to reflect the priority information needs of UNICEF and its partners, the population count also included questions about intentions to leave the camp, attendance of informal and formal education, the condition of private WASH facilities, and the presence of household members with restricted mobility.

For Humanitarian Purposes Only Production date : 01 December 2014

For Humanitarian Purposes Only Production date : 01 December 2014

For Humanitarian Purposes Only. Production date : 17 December 2014

For Humanitarian Purposes Only. Production date: 03 December 2014

For Humanitarian Purposes Only. Production date: 01 December 2014

ASSESSMENT REPORT, JANUARY 2014

This report highlights information needs and access to communication channels among Syrian refugees living in camps in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq