Canada

• Bilateral Treaties/Agreements 1
• Case Law 1,028
• Commentaries 1
• Comments on National Legislation 2
• Court Interventions / Amicus Curiae 6
• Legal Articles/Analyses/Commentaries 20
• Legislative History / Travaux Préparatoires 1
• National Decrees, Circulars, Regulation, Policy Documents 11
• National Legislation 14

• 1951 Refugee Convention 2
• Abduction 3
• Access to procedures 5
• Acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations 6
• Acts of persecution 3
• Administrative courts 5
• Agents of persecution 3
• Ahmadis 2
• Albanians 1
• Alevis 1
• Amish 1
• Anti-terrorism law 3
• Appeal / Right to appeal 17
• Arbitrary arrest and detention 27
• Armed forces / Military 15
• Armed groups / Militias / Paramilitary forces / Resistance movements 8
• Arrival 1
• Assyrians 2
• Asylum policy 7
• Asylum-migration nexus 1
• Asylum-seekers 11
• Benefit of the doubt 4
• Blood feuds 6
• Burden of proof 38
• Burden-sharing and international co-operation 1
• Catholic 3
• Cessation clauses 5
• Changes of circumstances in home country 17
• Chechen 1
• Child prostitution 1
• Children's rights 17
• Children-at-risk 29
• Chinese 2
• Christian 20
• Christian 1
• Citizenship / Nationality law 4
• Combatants / Former combatants 8
• Complementary forms of protection 32
• Constitutional law 6
• Convention against Torture (CAT) 5
• Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 3
• Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 5
• Convention refugee 62
• Corruption 6
• Country of origin information (COI) 35
• Credibility assessment 90
• Crimes against humanity 78
• Crimes against peace 2
• Criminal justice 75
• Croats 2
• Cumulative grounds of persecution 6
• Death penalty 13
• Death squads 2
• Decision on admissibility 5
• Democracy 1
• Denial of refugee status 4
• Deportation / Forcible return 181
• Diplomatic assurances 4
• Discrimination based on race, nationality, ethnicity 10
• Domestic violence 38
• Drug trafficking 25
• Economic, social and cultural rights 2
• Effective protection 24
• Effective remedy 10
• Elections 1
• Equality before the law 5
• Evangelical 2
• Evidence (including age and language assessments / medico-legal reports) 105
• Exclusion clauses 90
• Exhaustion of domestic remedies 7
• Expulsion 27
• Extended definition 1
• Extradition 9
• Extreme poverty 1
• False documents 2
• Falun Gong 4
• Family law 1
• Family reunification 11
• Female genital mutilation (FGM) 5
• Forced labour 1
• Forced marriage 4
• Forced sterilization / Abortion 1
• Freedom from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment 100
• Freedom of assembly and association 2
• Freedom of conscience 4
• Freedom of expression 28
• Freedom of movement 2
• Freedom of religion 7
• Freedom of speech 26
• Gang related violence 12
• Gender discrimination 1
• Gender-based persecution 21
• Generalized violence 1
• Genocide 4
• Good governance 2
• Grounds for persecution 16
• HIV and AIDS 4
• Habeas corpus 2
• Hindu 1
• Honour killings 1
• Housing, land and property rights (HLP) 1
• Human rights activists 1
• Human rights and fundamental freedoms 16
• Human rights law 2
• Humanitarian protection (including tolerated stay) 2
• Hutus 2
• Illegal entry 5
• Illegal immigrants / Undocumented migrants 1
• Immigrants 7
• Immigration Detention 14
• Immigration law 25
• Inclusion clauses 2
• Independence of judiciary 9
• Indigenous persons 1
• Internal armed conflict 6
• Internal flight alternative (IFA) / Internal relocation alternative (IRA) / Internal protection alternative (IPA) 37
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 1
• International armed conflict 4
• International courts and tribunals 1
• International criminal law 4
• International humanitarian law (IHL) / Geneva Conventions 14
• International protection 3
• Involuntary repatriation 1
• Jehovah's Witness 1
• Jew 2
• Jurisdiction 9
• Juvenile justice system 2
• Karen 2
• Koreans 1
• Kurd 5
• Legal representation / Legal aid 12
• Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) 39
• Manifestly unfounded / Clearly abusive claims 2
• Mental health 8
• Military courts 1
• Military law 2
• Military service / Conscientious objection / Desertion / Draft evasion / Forced conscription 49
• Minorities 3
• Minority rights 1
• Mormon 2
• Multiple nationality 4
• Muslim 5
• National security / Public order 14
• Naturalization 2
• Non-refoulement 33
• Non-state agents of persecution 62
• Older persons 1
• One-child policy / Family planning 1
• Opposition 7
• Oromo 1
• Palestinian 6
• Passports 1
• Pentecostal 2
• Persecution based on nationality 13
• Persecution based on political opinion 147
• Persecution of family members 13
• Persecution on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity 26
• Persons not in need of international protection 7
• Persons with disabilities 5
• Police 8
• Political asylum 6
• Political groups 3
• Political parties 10
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 5
• Pre-entry procedures 1
• Pre-trial detention 3
• Prison or detention conditions 9
• Proof of nationality 2
• Prosecution vs persecution 30
• Public health 22
• Punjabis 1
• Racial / Ethnic persecution 39
• Refoulement 32
• Refugee / Asylum law 22
• Refugee camps 1
• Refugee status determination (RSD) / Asylum procedures 20
• Refugees 20
• Refugees sur place 4
• Rejected asylum-seekers 20
• Religious discrimination 3
• Religious persecution (including forced conversion) 40
• Resettlement 5
• Residence permits / Residency 13
• Right to education 4
• Right to employment 5
• Right to family life 10
• Right to food 1
• Right to health 1
• Right to justice 14
• Right to liberty and security 21
• Right to life 22
• Right to return 2
• Right to seek asylum 1
• Right to self-determination 1
• Roma 13
• Rule of law / Due process / Procedural fairness 63
• Russians 2
• Rwandans 2
• SGBV 25
• Safe country of origin 1
• Safe third country 29
• Saharawis 1
• Security forces 3
• Security situation 3
• Serb 1
• Serious non-political crime 35
• Sexual and reproductive rights 2
• Sharia law 1
• Shia 4
• Sikh 2
• Single procedure 4
• Smuggling of persons 8
• Social group discrimination 9
• Social group persecution 96
• Standard of proof 22
• State protection 105
• Statelessness 7
• Sur place persecution 10
• Survivors of trafficking / Persons at risk of trafficking 1
• Suspensive effect 2
• Tamil 46
• Temporary admission 1
• Terrorism 39
• Threats / Intimidation 2
• Tibetan 3
• Torture 4
• Trafficking in persons 6
• Travel documents 2
• Treaties / Agreements / Charters / Protocols / Conventions / Declarations 8
• Tutsis 7
• Unaccompanied / Separated children 15
• Unlawful departure 5
• Visas 10
• War crimes 10
• Well-founded fear of persecution 67
• Withdrawal of nationality 1
• Witnesses 6
• Women's rights 4
• Women-at-risk 24

UNHCR is not responsible for the content and availability of non-UNHCR websites. Content displays in a new window.

• Amnesty International - Canada
• CERIS - The Ontario Metropolis Centre
• Canadian Council for Refugees
• Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network
• Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women (CRIAW)
• Canadian Voice of Women for Peace (VOW)
• Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)
• Citizenship and Immigration Canada
• Council of Europe, Venice Commission: Constitutional Courts (Links)
• Equitas, International Centre for Human Rights Education
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) - Canada
• Human Rights Watch (HRW) - Canada
• Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB)
• International Committee of the Red Cross - The ICRC in North America
• Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) - Canada
• Office of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs Canada
• Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) - Canada
• ReliefWeb - Canada
• Rights & Democracy
• School of Peace and Conflict Management, Royal Roads University
• UNHCR - Canada
• United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) - Canada
• United States Department of State - Canada
• Winnipeg Refugee Education Network (WREN)
• World Health Organization (WHO) - Canada