Refugees Daily - Internal Global Press Review

The United Nations is mulling "light touch" options for monitoring a possible ceasefire in Syria that would keep its risks to a minimum by relying largely on Syrians already on the ground, diplomatic sources said.

The U.N. Security Council on Friday unanimously called on Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to draw up within a month options for monitoring a ceasefire in Syria. It is the second time since the Syrian civil war broke out in March 2011 that the council backed a plan for peace talks and a truce.

The talk about the U.N.'s role as monitor has gained urgency along with a new push for a ceasefire in Syria to take effect as early as January, in parallel to talks between the government and opposition. More than a dozen major powers, including the United States, Russia and major European and Middle Eastern powers, have drawn up a road map for Syria peace talks.

U.N. planning for truce monitoring will seek to avoid repeating the "disaster" of a mission sent to Syria in 2012, diplomats said. That operation failed because the warring parties showed no interest in halting the fighting, they said.

Under the light-touch mechanism currently under consideration, the United Nations would rely on Syrian actors – "proxies" – on the ground to report violations. This could possibly involve a small group of non-uniformed U.N. officials in Syria to carry out investigations of ceasefire violations, diplomats said.

"There's the idea of proxy-ism, where they were going to look at who would be credible on the ground to get information and to create a reporting mechanism from them to the U.N.," a diplomatic source said.

To make the proxy approach work, major powers would need to agree on who is considered a credible Syrian actor.

"Who is it who's responsible for the credibility of the information?" one diplomatic source asked. "The Syrians on the ground or the U.N., which receives the information?"

The U.N. Department of Peacekeeping Operations will likely present an option to put U.N. peacekeepers on the ground. But that approach likely will be ruled out immediately, given the brutal war that has claimed more than a quarter million lives.

Diplomats on the council, which would be asked to approve any monitoring plan, also say that option is impossible.

"DISCONNECTED FROM REALITY"

Diplomats say they want to avoid a heavy U.N. footprint in Syria. A large number of U.N. officials on the ground in Syria would require a large security detail to protect them.

"If we have a big security contingent, all of a sudden it looks like a full-scale mission," one diplomatic source said. "And any U.N. presence will be targeted in Syria."

The U.N. had to suspend operations once before in Syria. After deploying some 300 unarmed "blue beret" monitors in April 2012, it was forced by August of that year to end the mission after the moderators became the target of angry crowds and gunfire. The security council had sent in monitors after it endorsed then-U.N.-Arab League mediator Kofi Annan's six-point peace plan for Syria calling for talks and a truce.

At that time, death toll estimates for the Syrian civil war were around 10,000 – a fraction of today's estimate of at least 250,000.

"The U.N. team that went in back then were very courageous and pushed their mandate as far as they could," said Richard Gowan, a professor at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs.

Another U.N. peacekeeping force called UNDOF, which still monitors the Israeli-Syrian border in the Golan Heights, has repeatedly seen its blue helmets under fire and even kidnapped by militants fighting Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's forces.

"It is clear that the security situation in Syria will be far, far worse this time around, so Ban needs to be creative," Gowan said.

The planned Syria ceasefire would not apply to Islamic State, Nusra Front and other jihadist groups. That, one diplomat said, would make any truce "wildly complex" to monitor since its territory would be constantly shifting.

Adding to the danger, the U.S., French, British and other militaries are bombing Islamic State fighters and other jihadist groups in Syria and Iraq, and Russian forces are attacking a wide array of rebel fighters, many of them backed by the West.

One analyst said preparing ceasefire monitoring options was a pointless exercise since none of the parties actually wanted to end the fighting.

"All the discussion at the U.N. seems to me entirely disconnected from reality," said Max Boot of the Council on Foreign Relations.

(Additional reporting by Michelle Nichols; Editing by David Greising and Leslie Adler)