This work undertaken is a result of a partnership between the Erbil Refugee Council (ERC), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Erbil Statistics Directorate (ESD), the Joint Crisis Coordination Centre (JCC), International Organization for Migration (IOM), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UNHABITAT) and United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA). The Joint IDP Profiling Service (JIPS) offered technical support throughout the exercise. A Technical Working Group consisting of ESD, UNHCR and ERC, and with the support of JIPS, have developed the methodology and conducted the analysis with the helpful comments on the report and recommendations provided by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC). The whole study in English, Arabic and Kurdish languages is available on the link: http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/documents.php?page=1&view=grid&Country%5B%5D=103&Search=%23Displacement+as+challenge+and+opportunity+%23

TABLE OF CONTENTS ١ INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 4 ٢ METHODOLOGY 6 Target Population and Area Coverage 6 Data Collection Methods 6 ٣ WHO ARE THE DISPLACED? 10 Migration History of the Displaced 11 Household Composition 13 ٤ URBAN SPACES AND COHESION 14 New and Old Neighbours: Settling Into Cities and Towns 15 Housing and Living Conditions 17 Moving Within and Out: Push Factors from Urban Areas 19 Capacity and Accessibility of Public Services 23 Social Cohesion and Interactions Between Communities 26 Right to the City and Social Contract 28 ٥ EMPLOYMENT IN URBAN AREAS 30 Work Status of the Population 31 Geographic Patterns of Employment 33 Labour Conditions and Informality 34 Social Capital, Human Capital and Other Factors for Employability 35 ٦ FINANCIAL SITUATION OF HOUSEHOLDS 38 Household Budget 39 Economic Vulnerability Across the Urban Areas 40 Indebtedness 40 ٧ THE CHALLENGE OF EDUCATION 44 Enrolment Rates and Implications 45 The Education Challenge for Syrian Refugees 48 ٨ FEASIBLE RETURNS FOR DISPLACED COMMUNITIES 50 Willingness to Return 51 Challenges for an Effective Return 53 ٩ CONCLUSION AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 56 Urbanisation Process, Public Services and Social Cohesion 56 Housing and Living Conditions 57 Livelihoods Generation 58 Financial Support to Vulnerable Families 59 Education and School Attendance 60 Barriers to Returns 60 Economic Crisis and Budget Restrictions 61 ANNEXES 62 Household Survey Questionnaire 63 Focus Group Discussion Question Guide 71 Statistical Analysis of the Factors Affecting Willingness to Return to Area of Origin 72 Selected Data Overview 73

TABLE OF CONTENTS ١ INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 4 ٢ METHODOLOGY 6 Target Population and Area Coverage 6 Data Collection Methods 6 ٣ WHO ARE THE DISPLACED? 10 Migration History of the Displaced 11 Household Composition 13 ٤ URBAN SPACES AND COHESION 14 New and Old Neighbours: Settling Into Cities and Towns 15 Housing and Living Conditions 17 Moving Within and Out: Push Factors from Urban Areas 19 Capacity and Accessibility of Public Services 23 Social Cohesion and Interactions Between Communities 26 Right to the City and Social Contract 28 ٥ EMPLOYMENT IN URBAN AREAS 30 Work Status of the Population 31 Geographic Patterns of Employment 33 Labour Conditions and Informality 34 Social Capital, Human Capital and Other Factors for Employability 35 ٦ FINANCIAL SITUATION OF HOUSEHOLDS 38 Household Budget 39 Economic Vulnerability Across the Urban Areas 40 Indebtedness 40 ٧ THE CHALLENGE OF EDUCATION 44 Enrolment Rates and Implications 45 The Education Challenge for Syrian Refugees 48 ٨ FEASIBLE RETURNS FOR DISPLACED COMMUNITIES 50 Willingness to Return 51 Challenges for an Effective Return 53 ٩ CONCLUSION AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 56 Urbanisation Process, Public Services and Social Cohesion 56 Housing and Living Conditions 57 Livelihoods Generation 58 Financial Support to Vulnerable Families 59 Education and School Attendance 60 Barriers to Returns 60 Economic Crisis and Budget Restrictions 61 ANNEXES 62 Household Survey Questionnaire 63 Focus Group Discussion Question Guide 71 Statistical Analysis of the Factors Affecting Willingness to Return to Area of Origin 72 Selected Data Overview 73

TABLE OF CONTENTS ١ INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 4 ٢ METHODOLOGY 6 Target Population and Area Coverage 6 Data Collection Methods 6 ٣ WHO ARE THE DISPLACED? 10 Migration History of the Displaced 11 Household Composition 13 ٤ URBAN SPACES AND COHESION 14 New and Old Neighbours: Settling Into Cities and Towns 15 Housing and Living Conditions 17 Moving Within and Out: Push Factors from Urban Areas 19 Capacity and Accessibility of Public Services 23 Social Cohesion and Interactions Between Communities 26 Right to the City and Social Contract 28 ٥ EMPLOYMENT IN URBAN AREAS 30 Work Status of the Population 31 Geographic Patterns of Employment 33 Labour Conditions and Informality 34 Social Capital, Human Capital and Other Factors for Employability 35 ٦ FINANCIAL SITUATION OF HOUSEHOLDS 38 Household Budget 39 Economic Vulnerability Across the Urban Areas 40 Indebtedness 40 ٧ THE CHALLENGE OF EDUCATION 44 Enrolment Rates and Implications 45 The Education Challenge for Syrian Refugees 48 ٨ FEASIBLE RETURNS FOR DISPLACED COMMUNITIES 50 Willingness to Return 51 Challenges for an Effective Return 53 ٩ CONCLUSION AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 56 Urbanisation Process, Public Services and Social Cohesion 56 Housing and Living Conditions 57 Livelihoods Generation 58 Financial Support to Vulnerable Families 59 Education and School Attendance 60 Barriers to Returns 60 Economic Crisis and Budget Restrictions 61 ANNEXES 62 Household Survey Questionnaire 63 Focus Group Discussion Question Guide 71 Statistical Analysis of the Factors Affecting Willingness to Return to Area of Origin 72 Selected Data Overview 73

This work undertaken is a result of a partnership between the Erbil Refugee Council (ERC), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Erbil Statistics Directorate (ESD), the Joint Crisis Coordination Centre (JCC), International Organization for Migration (IOM), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UNHABITAT) and United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA). The Joint IDP Profiling Service (JIPS) offered technical support throughout the exercise. A Technical Working Group consisting of ESD, UNHCR and ERC, and with the support of JIPS, have developed the methodology and conducted the analysis with the helpful comments on the report and recommendations provided by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC). The whole study in English, Arabic and Kurdish languages is available on the link: http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/documents.php?page=1&view=grid&Country%5B%5D=103&Search=%23Displacement+as+challenge+and+opportunity+%23

TABLE OF CONTENTS ١ INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 4 ٢ METHODOLOGY 6 Target Population and Area Coverage 6 Data Collection Methods 6 ٣ WHO ARE THE DISPLACED? 10 Migration History of the Displaced 11 Household Composition 13 ٤ URBAN SPACES AND COHESION 14 New and Old Neighbours: Settling Into Cities and Towns 15 Housing and Living Conditions 17 Moving Within and Out: Push Factors from Urban Areas 19 Capacity and Accessibility of Public Services 23 Social Cohesion and Interactions Between Communities 26 Right to the City and Social Contract 28 ٥ EMPLOYMENT IN URBAN AREAS 30 Work Status of the Population 31 Geographic Patterns of Employment 33 Labour Conditions and Informality 34 Social Capital, Human Capital and Other Factors for Employability 35 ٦ FINANCIAL SITUATION OF HOUSEHOLDS 38 Household Budget 39 Economic Vulnerability Across the Urban Areas 40 Indebtedness 40 ٧ THE CHALLENGE OF EDUCATION 44 Enrolment Rates and Implications 45 The Education Challenge for Syrian Refugees 48 ٨ FEASIBLE RETURNS FOR DISPLACED COMMUNITIES 50 Willingness to Return 51 Challenges for an Effective Return 53 ٩ CONCLUSION AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 56 Urbanisation Process, Public Services and Social Cohesion 56 Housing and Living Conditions 57 Livelihoods Generation 58 Financial Support to Vulnerable Families 59 Education and School Attendance 60 Barriers to Returns 60 Economic Crisis and Budget Restrictions 61 ANNEXES 62 Household Survey Questionnaire 63 Focus Group Discussion Question Guide 71 Statistical Analysis of the Factors Affecting Willingness to Return to Area of Origin 72 Selected Data Overview 73

TABLE OF CONTENTS ١ INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 4 ٢ METHODOLOGY 6 Target Population and Area Coverage 6 Data Collection Methods 6 ٣ WHO ARE THE DISPLACED? 10 Migration History of the Displaced 11 Household Composition 13 ٤ URBAN SPACES AND COHESION 14 New and Old Neighbours: Settling Into Cities and Towns 15 Housing and Living Conditions 17 Moving Within and Out: Push Factors from Urban Areas 19 Capacity and Accessibility of Public Services 23 Social Cohesion and Interactions Between Communities 26 Right to the City and Social Contract 28 ٥ EMPLOYMENT IN URBAN AREAS 30 Work Status of the Population 31 Geographic Patterns of Employment 33 Labour Conditions and Informality 34 Social Capital, Human Capital and Other Factors for Employability 35 ٦ FINANCIAL SITUATION OF HOUSEHOLDS 38 Household Budget 39 Economic Vulnerability Across the Urban Areas 40 Indebtedness 40 ٧ THE CHALLENGE OF EDUCATION 44 Enrolment Rates and Implications 45 The Education Challenge for Syrian Refugees 48 ٨ FEASIBLE RETURNS FOR DISPLACED COMMUNITIES 50 Willingness to Return 51 Challenges for an Effective Return 53 ٩ CONCLUSION AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 56 Urbanisation Process, Public Services and Social Cohesion 56 Housing and Living Conditions 57 Livelihoods Generation 58 Financial Support to Vulnerable Families 59 Education and School Attendance 60 Barriers to Returns 60 Economic Crisis and Budget Restrictions 61 ANNEXES 62 Household Survey Questionnaire 63 Focus Group Discussion Question Guide 71 Statistical Analysis of the Factors Affecting Willingness to Return to Area of Origin 72 Selected Data Overview 73

TABLE OF CONTENTS ١ INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 4 ٢ METHODOLOGY 6 Target Population and Area Coverage 6 Data Collection Methods 6 ٣ WHO ARE THE DISPLACED? 10 Migration History of the Displaced 11 Household Composition 13 ٤ URBAN SPACES AND COHESION 14 New and Old Neighbours: Settling Into Cities and Towns 15 Housing and Living Conditions 17 Moving Within and Out: Push Factors from Urban Areas 19 Capacity and Accessibility of Public Services 23 Social Cohesion and Interactions Between Communities 26 Right to the City and Social Contract 28 ٥ EMPLOYMENT IN URBAN AREAS 30 Work Status of the Population 31 Geographic Patterns of Employment 33 Labour Conditions and Informality 34 Social Capital, Human Capital and Other Factors for Employability 35 ٦ FINANCIAL SITUATION OF HOUSEHOLDS 38 Household Budget 39 Economic Vulnerability Across the Urban Areas 40 Indebtedness 40 ٧ THE CHALLENGE OF EDUCATION 44 Enrolment Rates and Implications 45 The Education Challenge for Syrian Refugees 48 ٨ FEASIBLE RETURNS FOR DISPLACED COMMUNITIES 50 Willingness to Return 51 Challenges for an Effective Return 53 ٩ CONCLUSION AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS 56 Urbanisation Process, Public Services and Social Cohesion 56 Housing and Living Conditions 57 Livelihoods Generation 58 Financial Support to Vulnerable Families 59 Education and School Attendance 60 Barriers to Returns 60 Economic Crisis and Budget Restrictions 61 ANNEXES 62 Household Survey Questionnaire 63 Focus Group Discussion Question Guide 71 Statistical Analysis of the Factors Affecting Willingness to Return to Area of Origin 72 Selected Data Overview 73